What is the knowledge about the history of European dulcimer?

The European dulcimer system includes all European countries and former European colonies in North America and Oceania.

The names of dulcimer mainly include Desima dulcimer, Chimbarrow Cembalo, Sartre Riseri, Hechler Buriha-Kebret, etc.

Desima's name is mainly used in English-speaking countries and comes from Greek and Latin.

On the cover of an ivory carving book in Byzantium, Turkey in A.D. 1 139, there is a record about Desima, which is the earliest portrait of Desima found so far.

Dexima, formerly known as Satelline, was first spread in Asia and pronounced by plucking the strings with fingers or quills.

In the Middle Ages, this kind of piano was brought back to Europe by pilgrims and crusaders, all the way from * * * to North Africa, then to Spain and then to southern Europe; The other way is from * * * to Turkey and Northeast Europe.

In Byzantium, Turkey, people changed the pronunciation of plucking the strings to tapping the strings with mallets, and the piano body evolved into a trapezoidal box. Desima's stringed instruments became the stereotype of dulcimer in the 12 and 13 centuries, and spread to European countries.

Sateri comes from Greek, which means "plucking". It refers to both plucked box instruments and hammered trapezoidal dulcimer. Its name has a complex polysemy phenomenon, which is used in western European countries.

Huxbury is the name of dulcimer in German-speaking countries. Besides Germany, it is also used in Sweden, Denmark and Switzerland.

Himbaro is mainly used in eastern European countries, which comes from Greek and refers to percussion instruments.

Hungary is called Cimbalom, Romania is called Tamba 1, Poland is called cymbali, Belarus is called Tsimbali, Ukraine is called Tsymbaly, Latvia is called Cimbole, Lithuania is called Cimboli and Czech is called cymbali.

Similar names are Cemballo in Italy, Tympanon in France and Timpano in Spain.

All the above names are derived from the variant of Greek Kymbalon.

European dulcimer has a long history. Since the Renaissance, dulcimer has been popular in all walks of life in Europe and has become a fashionable musical instrument.

Since18th century, many "gypsy bands" have been popular in European towns. This band consists of two violins, a cello and a double bass, and some have woodwind instruments. In the band, the dulcimer plays melody, harmony, consonant, tone and octave, which makes the whole band flow harmoniously, and the dulcimer becomes the core of this band.

It is the most popular folk band combination form in Eastern Europe, which promotes the development of dulcimer in Eastern Europe.

At that time, Hungary was annexed by Austria, and the Austrian queen Maria Tenisha owned a gypsy band and often performed at court concerts.

Gypsies are good at singing and dancing, warm and generous, and exotic, which directly played a catalytic role in the development of Hungarian national music.

During the period of classical music school, European dulcimer appeared and flourished, and began to create some dulcimer sonatas, concertos and ensembles.

/kloc-in the 9th century, with the coming of great changes in European music history, the modern revival of European dulcimer was ushered in, with the reform of musical instrument making as the first step and the composer's professional creation as the leading factor, which went deep into the people.

Liszt first adopted the reformed "concert dulcimer" in the orchestra of hungarian rhapsody VI; Kodaly wrote an important dulcimer part in the symphony suite Harry Janas and Bartok's first rhapsody for violin and orchestra. Stravinsky not only likes playing dulcimer, but also writes dulcimer in at least three works.

In the past half century, many European composers have used dulcimer in their opera music and orchestral works, such as A Midsummer Night's Dream, Hamlet and the Fourth Symphony. Many modern composers in Eastern Europe have successively created many dulcimer solos, ensembles and concertos, such as the dulcimer suite of Czech Bach, the nocturne and ragtime movement of Hungarian George Lanci, Peter rovis, five dulcimer works of caloi and Laszlo's third sonata.

A number of well-known modern dulcimer players have emerged, such as Lachi of Hungary, Fu Bi, Daban of Romania, Tang Lina of Czech Republic, Chapf of West Germany, Fritz of Austria and Scott of Switzerland.

In America, dulcimer is in its heyday. From 1924, Henry Ford's early American chamber band, composed of dulcimer, violin, double bass or tuba, regularly broadcast on the radio and released a large number of records.

European and American countries have also held various performances and entertainment activities of dulcimer music festivals, and dulcimer music is still widely circulated among the people and is booming.

European industry promotes the development of science and culture, and also provides favorable conditions for the development of musical instrument industry and the reform of dulcimer system.

Since the18th century, the European dulcimer has undergone many reforms, expanding the piano body, increasing the range and volume, and expanding the phoneme and semitone.

One of the most important reforms, the dulcimer, was designed and manufactured by Pantalin Hepburn.

1704, Pantalin presented this improved dulcimer to King Louis XIV of France. The king liked it very much and specially ordered it to be named "Pantalin" dulcimer, which successfully catered to the style of court music. 17 14, the maker of dulcimer was named "Pantalin Hand" and was called into the Dresden court.

/kloc-In the second half of the 8th century, Noelle, a high-heeled artist from Highbury, and some Pantalin masters successively held concerts in European countries, which were very popular.

/kloc-in the 0/9th century, some factories in Europe and America began to mass-produce dulcimers, and musical instrument reform was also under way.

1874 In Budapest, Hungary, the Skoda family designed and manufactured the first "concert dulcimer".

Its characteristics are large volume, thick timbre, wide range (including four octaves of all semitones), arbitrary modulation and a damper controlled by pedals.

This dulcimer is called Qin Barrow. Its reform is relatively perfect, which has been widely welcomed and praised, and gradually spread in European countries. It provides important material conditions and catalysis for the modern revival and development of European dulcimer art.

The European dulcimer adopts the twelve-average law, and the two sides of the piano and horse have a five-degree interval relationship; The American dulcimer has a four-degree interval relationship; The striking tool is usually a hard hammer, which is elastic and the hammer head is often padded with thick felt; Hammer can also be made of rattan or steel.

European dulcimer is mainly used for folk song and dance accompaniment and folk band ensemble. Due to the deep folk foundation, the reform and perfection of musical instruments and the composer's special creation, the European dulcimer presents a modern revival and development and becomes a unique solo instrument. He has served as concerto, symphony, sonata, ensemble and solo in an all-round way, and is very popular in many countries in Europe, North America and Oceania.

Especially the dulcimer in European concerts, with rich and majestic pronunciation, is good at colorful retouching and has a strong European music style.