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Introduction to Confucius Confucius (September 28th, 55 BC-April 28th, 479 BC1KLOC-0/year) was born in Zhong Ni, a famous mountain and an ancient thinker in China. He initiated the atmosphere of private lectures and advocated benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith.

Confucius led some disciples around the world for thirteen years, and revised the six classics in his later years, namely, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period. According to legend, Confucius once asked Laozi for gifts, with 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and their re-disciples recorded the words and deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled the Confucian classic The Analects.

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First, the achievements of Confucius' moral thought:

Confucius constructed a complete ideological system of "virtue and virtue": he advocated the virtue and virtue of "benevolence and courtesy" at the individual level. [30] The ideological system of Tao Te Ching is based on the theory of goodness of nature ("One yin and one yang is the way, and those who follow it are also good, and those who succeed are also people"), so as to establish the two poles of human beings ("the three-pole way"), connect human nature with heaven, and the golden mean will become a complete methodological ideological system in due course.

Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of human nature, while Confucius' theory of propriety embodies the spirit of etiquette, that is, order and system in the modern sense. Humanism is the eternal theme of mankind, which is applicable to any society, any era and any * * *, and order and institutional society are the basic requirements for establishing a civilized human society. This humanitarianism and order spirit of Confucius is the essence of China's ancient social and political thought.

The highest ideal of Confucius in his later years is called "Great Harmony". In the world of great harmony, people in the world love each other and all the people in the world, not only their families, but also their parents and children.

Children can get warmth and care, lonely people and disabled people can rely on them, men have their own things, and women have a satisfactory home. There is no fraud, no thief, no road to pick up, no door to close at night, everyone is honest with each other, talent selection, and the trip to the avenue is also a public service.

Second, the monograph:

1, document arrangement

In his later years, Confucius devoted himself to education, compiling poems, books, rites and music, prefacing the Book of Changes (also known as Ten Wings of the Book of Changes, or Yi Zhuan) and compiling the Spring and Autumn Annals. Later generations collectively referred to as the Six Classics.

2. Poetry creation

According to legend, Confucius once wrote poems such as Song of Shanglu, Song of Dragonfly Water, Turtle Mountain Exercise, Disk Exercise, Lan Cao, Returning to Cao, Song of Delin, etc. Most of these poems are included in Yuefu poetry anthology, and their credibility is not high.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-Confucius

Brief introduction of Confucius Kong Qiu (September 28th, 55 1 year -479+0 1 year April 28th), whose son's surname is Kong Shi, Qiu Mingren, whose name is Zhong Ni, was honored as Confucius or Confucius by later generations. He was born in Lu, and his ancestors were Song people. He was an educator and philosopher in Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and once held an important position in Lu.

Confucius is the founder of Confucianism, and his thoughts of virtue (benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faithfulness) have a far-reaching influence on the surrounding areas, such as the Korean Peninsula, Ryukyu, Japan, Vietnam and Southeast Asia, also known as the Confucian cultural circle.

When Confucius was alive, he was called "the sage of heaven" and "there were many heavenly eyes". At the initiative of Dong Zhongshu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented the policy of "respecting Confucianism alone", and later rulers or followers of Confucianism successively honored Confucius as a saint, Wen Sheng, the most holy, the most holy teacher, the most successful teacher and the eternal teacher.

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During the Spring and Autumn Period of Confucius' life, the political system based on blood clan (nationality) collapsed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and China people's world outlook based on cultural identity began to take shape. Some people began to think about heaven, life and world order, and the culture and education originally monopolized by nobles gradually flowed into the people.

Confucius is one of the representatives of the spirit of this era. He initiated a hundred schools of thought during the Warring States Period. Yi Zhuan, Chun Qiu, Xiao Jing and The Analects of Confucius are the main works to understand his own thoughts.

Confucius initiated the Yi-ology, and he was the first to put forward the theory of goodness of nature ("One yin and one yang is the Tao, those who follow it are also good, and those who succeed are also people") as the philosophical basis of his benevolence. He argued about benevolence and righteousness, "divide yin and yang, repeatedly use softness and rigidity", "speak benevolence and righteousness", and also talked about six pictures, "six pictures make a chapter (Zhang).

Baidu encyclopedia-Confucius

Introduction to Confucius:

Confucius, a native of Shandong, was born in 55 1 year BC and died in 479 BC at the age of 73. Confucius, the famous hill, the word Zhong Ni. A great thinker and educator at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, who was the founder of Confucianism and put forward the idea of "benevolence", was a famous thinker and educator in ancient China.

He is studious, knowledgeable and versatile. He initiated the atmosphere of private lectures, and recruited disciples, regardless of wealth. It is said that there are 3000 disciples, 72 of whom are excellent. He became an emissary of cultural exchange. He traveled around the world, and devoted himself to the collation and dissemination of ancient documents, education, sorting out ancient classics such as poems and books, and deleting Chunqiu in his later years. Its students recorded their thoughts and actions in The Analects.

Through lifelong advocacy and the development of Confucianism in past dynasties, Confucius made China's Confucianism the mainstream of China culture and the guiding ideology of China people for more than 2,000 years. The core of Confucius' ideological system is the rule of virtue, and he persistently advocates a benign society and a benign life. The highest standard of Dehua society is "courtesy", and the highest value of Dehua life is "benevolence".

Confucius taught people to actively pursue the "loyalty and forgiveness" of "standing if you want, reaching if you want" and "don't do to others what you don't want", so as to establish a correct outlook on life and correctly handle the relationship between people. Confucius advocated "harmony between man and nature" to deal with the relationship between man and nature. He also expounded and spread the truth that people should not only be kind to people, but also love things.

Confucius advocated that the country should implement the moral policy of "teaching the rich" to develop society and culture. Confucius believes that the highest achievement of civilization lies in cultivating ideal personality to create an ideal society, and achieving the realm of "the world is public" and "the world is a family" by practicing "the sage inside and the king outside". Because of Confucius' outstanding contribution and far-reaching influence, he was respected by the people of China as the most sacred teacher and a teacher for generations.

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Confucius founded Confucianism, also known as Confucianism or Confucianism, which had a great influence on later generations. At first, it refers to the master of ceremonies engaged in the funeral industry, and later, based on this, it gradually formed a complete system of Confucianism, which became the mainstream of China traditional culture and had a far-reaching impact. It is the most influential school in China and the mainstream consciousness in ancient China.

Confucianism has exerted a profound influence on China, East Asia and even the whole world. The concepts of Confucianism, Confucianism and Confucianism should be distinguished. Confucianism, as a theory, as a stratum and as a belief, is both the same and different, and needs to be distinguished.

Confucianism has a wide influence in East Asian countries. In Korea and Japan, ethics and etiquette were influenced by Confucianism, which is still obvious today. In Korea, many people believe in various religions, but Confucianism is dominant in ethics. After the invasion of western civilization into Korean society, various social problems have increased, but South Korea * * * regards Confucian ethics as a restrictive force to maintain social stability and deepens Confucianism in education.

Confucianism occupies an important position in the cultural history of China. Confucian classics are not only the tools of ideological rule, but also the main body of feudal culture in China, which preserves rich national cultural heritage. Confucianism plays an important role not only in China, but also in the East Asian world. Confucianism, like Chinese characters, law and Buddhism, spread to neighboring countries very early and had an important influence on their ideology and culture.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia: Confucius

Confucius: China ancient thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism.

Confucius led some disciples around the world for thirteen years, and revised the six classics in his later years, namely, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period. According to legend, Confucius once asked Laozi for gifts, with 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and their re-disciples recorded the words and deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled the Confucian classic The Analects.

In ancient times, Confucius was regarded as a "saint of heaven" and a "muduo of heaven". He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time, and was respected by later rulers as Confucius' sage, the most holy, the most holy teacher, the most holy teacher, the teacher of kings and the teacher of generations.

His thoughts have a far-reaching influence on China and the world, and he is listed as the first of the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World". With the expansion of Confucius' influence, "Confucius Sacrifice Ceremony" once became a "big sacrifice" at the same level as China's ancestor worship.

Extended data:

Confucius constructed a complete ideological system of "virtue and virtue": he advocated the virtue and virtue of "benevolence and courtesy" at the individual level. The ideological system of virtue and Taoism is based on the theory of goodness of human nature ("one yin and one yang refers to the Tao, and those who follow it are also good, and those who succeed are also people"), aiming at establishing the human pole ("three-pole Tao"), and connecting with human nature, heaven and tunnel, and the golden mean will become a complete methodological ideological system in due course.

Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of human nature, while Confucius' theory of propriety embodies the spirit of etiquette, that is, order and system in the modern sense.

Humanism is the eternal theme of mankind, which is applicable to any society, any era and any * * *, and order and institutional society are the basic requirements for building a civilized human society. This humanitarianism and order spirit of Confucius is the essence of China's ancient social and political thought.

The highest ideal of Confucius in his later years is called "Great Harmony". In the world of great harmony, people in the world love each other and all the people in the world, not only their families, but also their parents and children.

Children can get warmth and care, lonely people and disabled people can rely on them, men have their own things, and women have a satisfactory home. There is no fraud, no thief, no road to pick up, no door to close at night, everyone is honest with each other, talent selection, and the trip to the avenue is also a public service.

Confucius introduced the famous mound of Confucius, the word Zhong Ni (55 BC1September 28th-BC 1 1 April). Confucius was 73 years old. Confucius was a famous thinker and educator in ancient China, and Lu was the founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. In his later years, he studied six classics: Poetry, Shu, Li, Yue, Yijing and Chunqiu.

In ancient times, Confucius was regarded as a "saint of heaven" and a "muduo of heaven". He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time, and was respected by later rulers as Confucius' sage, the most holy, the most holy teacher, the most holy teacher, the teacher of kings and the teacher of generations.

His thoughts have a far-reaching influence on China and the world, and he is listed as the first of the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World". With the expansion of Confucius' influence, "Confucius Sacrifice Ceremony" once became a "big sacrifice" at the same level as China's ancestor worship.

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The main content of Confucius' thought of benevolence includes the moral ideals of saints and benevolent people. He believes that benevolence has the highest moral value. "People who are determined to be benevolent do not live to harm benevolence, but kill to be benevolent." He attaches great importance to moral cultivation and emphasizes his own efforts, that is, "benevolent people have different opinions, wise people have different opinions" and "benevolent people are far away?" I want to be kind. "

Asking people to "take Tao as the aim, rely on morality, rely on benevolence and swim in the art", he proposed a series of self-cultivation methods, such as self-seeking; Three provinces a day, etc. Confucius' benevolence also includes the thought of cherishing workers, such as Zhong Gong's seeking benevolence. Confucius said, "Going out to meet big guests makes people like big sacrifices." Zhang Ziwen Ren, Confucius said: "Being able to do five things in the world is also benevolence."

"Five" means "courtesy, tolerance, faithfulness, sensitivity and benefit". Confucius' "generosity" and "benefit" are manifested in his method of governing the country, that is, to be virtuous. The so-called moral policy includes two interrelated aspects: the economic policy of benefiting the people and the political policy of lenient punishment and emphasizing education.

Economically, benefiting the people is to let the people "eat enough." The Analects of Confucius recorded that Confucius "valued the people, ate, mourned and sacrificed" and advocated "benefiting the people for profit". Politically, forgiving the people is to oppose the tyranny of "killing without teaching" Confucius advocated treating people with morality and justice, and opposed "punishing people with politics and justice".

It is believed that only in this way can we cultivate people's moral concepts and urge people to consciously abide by social norms. In order to rule by virtue, Confucius also put forward the political proposition of "promoting talents" In The Analects of Confucius, Zhong Gong asked about politics, and Confucius said, "Be a teacher first, forgive small mistakes and cultivate talents." He believes that public opinion must also be taken into account. "Straight mistakes are completely abolished, and * * * suits; For waste straight, * * * refuses to accept ".

Baidu encyclopedia-Confucius

A Brief Introduction to Confucius' Life I. Early Education

Confucius' early life was extremely difficult. He said, "I can't be meaner, so I can be contemptuous." When Confucius was three years old, Shu died and was buried in Fangshan in the east of Lu. Confucius didn't tell him the location of the tomb. Yan moved to Qufu Queli and brought him up. As a game, young Confucius used it to decorate sacrificial vessels (cowpeas) and practice ceremonies.

Confucius' mother died at the age of 17, and Confucius hoped to bury his parents together. In order to inquire about his father's burial place, he parked his mother's coffin at the intersection (the road of five fathers) and asked passers-by. After Confucius' neighbor, the mother of his father, told Confucius about the tomb of Uncle Liang that Confucius buried his parents together in the mountains. The following year, when Confucius mourned for his mother, Ji Sun's family hosted a banquet for scholars. Confucius went, but he didn't want to be scolded and rejected by Ji Sun's retainer yang hu. But later scholars suspected that it was false.

When Confucius/Kloc-was 0/9 years old, he worked as a clerk, envoy and field official under the nobles of Lu, managing warehousing and animal husbandry. He married an official of the Song Dynasty and had a child the next year. Duke Zhao of Lu sent someone to congratulate him on a carp, and his son was named Bo Yu. Before Kong Li died of Confucius, there was a posthumous son Kong Ji.

At the age of 23, Confucius began to give lectures in the countryside. The students included Yan Hui's father Yan You, Zeng Shen's father Ceng Dian and Ran Geng. In the seventeenth year of Emperor Zhao of Lu, Tanzi, the monarch of Tanzania, visited Lu [15]. Confucius, 27, was admired for his erudition. There is a saying in Han Yu's Shi Shuo: "Confucius teaches jars." Confucius once "paid tribute to Lao Dan, learned to play the drum and piano with his teacher, and happily visited Changhong."

Around the age of thirty, some of the first disciples came to Confucius. Since then, Confucius has been engaged in education and recruited disciples. According to legend, there are three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages. He advocated teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, and became a pioneer and representative of academic downward movement and private school teaching at that time, so he was respected as a "model for all generations" and a "holy teacher" by later generations.

Second, it is suitable

When Lu Zhaogong was thirty-five, he was defeated by his uncle and Shi, who were in power in Lu at that time, and fled to Qi. Confucius left Lu for Qi. Confucius once talked with Master Qi about music and heard the beauty of Shao Xi's music, but he didn't know the taste of meat in March. Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics, and Confucius said, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son."

Qi Jinggong said, "Good! Faith is like a monarch without a monarch, a minister without a minister, a father without a father and a son without a son. Although there is millet, I have to eat it? " Another day, I asked Confucius about politics. Confucius said, "Politics means saving money." Gong Jing wanted to make Confucius Dr. Ni Xitian, but Yan Ying of Qi discouraged him. Yan Ying believed that Confucius would interfere with Qi culture. Later, I learned that Dr. Qi wanted to harm Confucius, so he had to dismiss Confucius, and Confucius returned to Lu to call his disciples to give lectures.

Third, the early official of Lu.

In the ninth year of Lu, Confucius Shilu, 5 1 year-old, started from Zhongduzai (Zhongdu is now Wenshang County, Shandong Province), became a commonplace one year later, and was promoted to a big sheep herder, during which he also took photos.

In the tenth year of Lu, Lu and Jia met in Jiagu. In this incident, Confucius won a diplomatic victory, which brought Qi back to Wenyang and other places that occupied Lu.

In the thirteenth year of Lu Dynasty, Confucius planned and implemented the political and military action of "Qiao San Du" in order to re-establish his authority, hoping to weaken the strength of the Third Ring Road, so he fell into the shackles of his uncle first, and then thought that the siege offensive failed at the cost.

In the fourteenth year of Lu, Confucius killed Shao Zhengmao, the chaotic politician of Dr. Lu; However, some people think that Shao Zhengmao's incident was invented by scholars who were later influenced by legalists.

Because of the progress of Lu under the rule of Confucius, the people of Qi were frightened. Li Yan of Qi designed a female music for Lu, which made Lu indifferent to state affairs, and it was difficult to bridge the moral and policy differences between Confucius and Lu Heji. Finally, Confucius went to Lu Shiwei.

Fourth, travel around the world.

After leaving Lu, Confucius led his disciples around the world, visiting Wei, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai, Ye, Chu and other places, but they were not reused. In the meantime, in Kuang, Song, Pu and other places, Confucius and his party were trapped in distress many times.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) health care detention period

When Confucius arrived in Weiguo, he passed Kuangcheng on his way to Chen Di. Yan Keju pointed to the gap abroad and said, "That's what I came here for." Confucius was rounded up because he was tall and mistaken for Lu's yanghu by Kuang people. Luz was very angry and grabbed the halberd to prepare for the war, but Confucius stopped him. During this process, Confucius separated from Yan Hui, who once thought that Yan Hui was dead.

Wei Linggong paid Confucius the same salary as when he was an official. After living for a while, he was flattered and left.

Confucius returned to Wei after staying in Pucheng for several months. When he met Mrs. Wei Linggong's Nanzi, Confucius faced the north, bowed his head to the ground, and did not face up; His wife Nanzi also worshipped Confucius in the curtain. When Lutz knew about it, he was very dissatisfied. On the surface, he said nothing, but Confucius knew in his heart that Confucius swore to heaven against Luz: "If I am wrong, let God hate me!" " A few months later, Wei Linggong and his wife Nanzi rode in the same car, followed by Confucius, and the other officials marched by. Confucius was ashamed of it and asked him why he was ashamed. Confucius lamented: "I have never seen anyone who loves morality as much as beauty!" " "He left the country.

Sixth, crossing the crisis of Song Dynasty.

After Confucius arrived in Song State, he practiced etiquette with his disciples under the big tree. Song Sima Huan wanted to kill Confucius and uproot the tree. Disciple intended to leave as soon as possible. Confucius said, "Being born with virtue is better than Ofuse. Why should I give?"

Seven, phase loss in zheng.

When Confucius was in the state of Zheng, he was separated from his disciples, and Confucius stood alone at the east gate of Guo. Someone told Zigong that someone at the East Gate looked like a lost dog. Disciple finally found Confucius and told him about it. Confucius smiled happily and said, "Form is not an end. It's like a lost dog, but it is! Yes! "

Eight, trapped in Cai Chen

Wu attacked Chen, Chu attacked Cai, and King Zhao of Chu sent someone to hire Confucius, and Confucius set out immediately. Dr. Chen and Dr. Cai were afraid that Confucius would be used by Chu, so they besieged Confucius in the field of Chen Cai. Confucius and others were not allowed to go and eat for seven days, and many disciples fell ill. There are many unhappy disciples, but Confucius still chatters. Later, Zigong was sent to Chu, and King Zhao of Chu mobilized to welcome Confucius.

Nine, old age

In 484, Confucius, who was nearly seventy years old, was sent by Ji Kangzi to welcome him back to Lu as an old man, but he was not appointed. During this period, Confucius paid attention to education and collation of ancient books. In 483 BC, Kong Li, the only son, died before Confucius. Yan Hui died before him 48 1 years ago. Confucius felt it: "The people who followed me to Cai Chen before were not as good as the door." In the summer of the fourteenth year of Aigong, Chen Heng of Qi killed the king, and Confucius fasted and bathed for three days, begging Aigong to cut Qi, and Aigong told him to "sue". Later, Confucius asked Ji Kangzi to send troops, but the result was rejected.

On March 9th, 479 (Lu Aigong1April 9th, julian calendar on March 9th, Gregorian calendar on March 4th, and Gregorian calendar on February 1 1 day), Confucius died at the age of 73 and was buried at the bank of Surabaya in the north of Qufu. Disciples mourned for him for 3 years, and Zi Gong kept the tomb for Confucius for 6 years. Confucius said: "I am determined to learn five out of ten, stand at thirty, be puzzled at forty, know my destiny at fifty, be obedient at sixty, be obedient at seventy, and not overstep the rules."

Extended data:

Confucius (55 BC/KLOC-0 BC/~ 479 BC), whose name was Zhong Ni, was born in Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. China was a famous thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient times. According to legend, there are 3000 disciples and 72 disciples of saints. Confucius led his disciples around the world 14 years. In his later years, he devoted himself to sorting out ancient documents, editing poems and books, defining rites and music, and making a preface to Zhouyi for Chunqiu.

His thought takes "benevolence" as the core, and "benevolence" means "loving others", and advocates the implementation of "benevolent politics", which should be based on "courtesy" and "self-denial and courtesy as benevolence"; Put forward the idea of "correcting the name" and think that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name; Pay attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking". The so-called "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous"; Advocate the atmosphere of teaching in private schools, advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teach without distinction", "never tire of learning, never tire of teaching", and emphasize that "a gentleman learns to love others, while a villain learns to learn easily".

Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with far-reaching influence. The existing book The Analects of Confucius records the questions and answers between Confucius and his disciples, which is the main material for studying Confucius' theory.

The information about Confucius is 50-character Confucius (September 28th, 55 BC-April 28th, 479 BC1KLOC-0/year), surnamed Kong, born in Lu (now Qufu, Shandong) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and originally from Li Yi (now Xiayi, Henan). He initiated the atmosphere of private lectures and advocated benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith.

Confucius led some disciples around the world for thirteen years, and revised the six classics in his later years, namely, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period. According to legend, Confucius once asked Laozi for gifts, with 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages.

In ancient times, Confucius was regarded as a "saint of heaven" and a "muduo of heaven". He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time, and was respected by later rulers as Confucius' sage, the most holy, the most holy teacher, the most holy teacher, the teacher of kings and the teacher of generations. His thoughts have a far-reaching influence on China and the world, and he is listed as the first of the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World".

Extended data:

The main achievements of Confucius:

1, moral thought

Confucius constructed a complete ideological system of "virtue and virtue": he advocated the virtue and virtue of "benevolence and courtesy" at the individual level.

2. Political thoughts

The core content of Confucius' political thought is "courtesy" and "benevolence". In the general plan of governing the country, he advocated "governing the country by virtue", which is the noblest way to govern the country. This strategy of governing the country is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by courtesy".

3, economic thought

The most important economic thoughts of Confucius are "emphasizing righteousness over profit" and "enriching the people". This is also the main content of Confucian economic thought, which has a great influence on later generations.

4. Educational thoughts

Confucius put forward for the first time in the history of China that people's natural qualities are similar, and the differences in personality are mainly influenced by acquired education and social environment ("similar in sex, far from learning"). Therefore, everyone can be educated and everyone should be educated.

5. Aesthetic thoughts

The core of Confucius' aesthetic thought is the unity of "beauty" and "goodness", and the unity of form and content. Confucius advocated "poetry teaching", that is, combining literature and art with political morality, and taking literature and art as a means to change social politics and an important way to cultivate sentiment.

6. Historical thoughts

One of the important propositions of Confucius' historical thought is "straightness", that is, we should seek truth from facts in studying history, attach importance to the basis, and "know what we know, but not what we don't know"