Notes and review material for 7th grade first semester history

First Semester History Review Materials for First Year

Lesson 1:

1. The earliest known human being in China is--Yuanmou Man (whose life was about 1.7 million years ago, and was found in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province)

2. Peking Man: about 700- -200,000 years ago, found in Beijing Zhoukoudian Longbiao Mountain. Peking Man retained some of the characteristics of apes; he used crude stone tools, natural fires, and lived in groups.

3. Shanding Caveman: About 18,000 years ago, it was found in Longbiao Mountain, Zhoukoudian, Beijing. They were basically the same as modern people; they used stone tools, but had mastered the techniques of polishing and drilling; they used artificial fire; and they sewed clothes with bone needles.

Lesson 2:

1. The Mudu Primitive Inhabitants: Located in the Yangtze River Valley about 7,000 years ago, the Mudu Primitive Inhabitants are a primitive site that embodies a picture of primitive farming in the Yangtze River Valley. Have been using ground stone tools, planting rice, China is the world's first country to plant rice. They lived in dry-fence houses, dug wells, and raised livestock such as pigs, dogs, and buffaloes; they made pottery.

2, half-slope primitive inhabitants: about six thousand years ago, located in the Yellow River Basin, embodied in the Yellow River Basin primitive farming picture of the primitive inhabitants of the site. Already used grinding stone tools, planting corn, cabbage, mustard, China is the world's first country to plant corn. They lived in semi-cave houses, made colored pottery, raised livestock such as pigs and dogs, and hunted and fished.

3, Dawenkou: about four or five thousand years ago, the emergence of private property, resulting in the polarization of the rich and poor.

Lesson 3

1.Saga Improved agricultural tools, taught people to farm, tasted all kinds of herbs, invented medicine, and was the founder of Chinese primitive agriculture and medicine, known as .

2. The tribes of the Yandi and Yellow Emperor became united and multiplied, forming the main body of the later.

Therefore, they were honored as the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation.

3. Primitive society through the election of tribal leaders, called .

4. It was the hero of the legendary era of water control, known as .

Lesson 5

1. In about 2070 B.C., the first state in the history of China was established . After his death, his son inherited the throne, starting the history of the family world. From then on, it replaced .

2. The leader of the Shang tribe , led an army to defeat the Shang Dynasty and established its capital. Later, the king of Shang moved the capital to Luoyi, which was called .

3. The leader of the Zhou tribe led an army to defeat the Shang Dynasty at Muye and established the .

4. In 771 B.C., a minority group attacked Haojing and killed . In 770 B.C., the capital was moved to Luoyi, which is known as .

Lesson 6

1. In order to consolidate its rule over its neighbors, the Western Zhou Dynasty practiced .

2. Q&A: a. What were the obligations of the feudal lords to the Zhou king? b. What role did the feudal system play?

3. Hierarchy of the Western Zhou: (Son of Zhou → vassal → Chancellor → Shi) → (commoners → slaves)

aristocrats (ruling class) (ruled class)

4. Means of Rule: Rule over the people by the dual means of the army, criminal law, and ceremonial indoctrination.

Lesson 7

1. 770 - 476 B.C. is the period of China's history, and 475 - 221 B.C. is the period of China's history.

2. The five hegemons, including Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Xiang of Song, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Mu of Qin, and King Zhuang of Chu, are known in history as .

3. Among the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period, the first one to claim the title of hegemon was , who was appointed as a minister, put forward slogans, and established his hegemony in the Central Plains in the alliance of the vassals held .

4. In the battle between Jin and Chu, the one who defeated Jin at the Battle of U and rose to be the hegemon was .

5. By Jin split into , , , , plus the original , , , , , and called .

6. The six states united north and south to **** together against Qin, called , Qin took advantage of the contradictions between the six states, and attacked from afar to break each of them, called .

7. Q&A: Why was Duke Huan of Qi able to claim hegemony in the first place?

Lesson 8

1. During the Spring and Autumn Period, tools began to be widely used in the field of agricultural production and occupied a dominant position. During the period, people began to use plows drawn by two oxen for plowing.

2. The popularization of the use of iron oxen for plowing made it possible to replace collective farming and promoted the emergence of a new class.

3. Among the reforms in the Warring States period, the most influential was the Qin .

4. Q&A: a. What were the contents of Shang Yang's reforms? b.What effect did Shang Yang's reforms have on the state of Qin?

Lesson 9

1. During the Shang Dynasty, writing carved on tortoise shells and animal bones was called .

2. The history of written language in China began with the development of the Chinese characters we have today.

3. The Shang Dynasty bronzes unearthed at Yinxu are the largest discovered bronzes in the world.

Lesson 10

1. During the Spring and Autumn Period, China's great thinker and educator was , he also founded the school of , his words are mainly collected in a book , his ideas are mainly and two parts .

2. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a situation emerged in the field of thought, and the main schools of thought at that time were , , , , and their representatives were , , , , and .

3. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the founder of the School of War wrote a military work .

Q&A: What were the contributions of Confucius as an educator?

Lesson 11

1. During the Warring States period, the father and son of the governor of Shu County in Qin presided over the construction of a large-scale water conservancy project in the Min River basin .

2. Representing the level of China's musical art in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods is the large combination of musical instruments magical .

3. by successive generations of craftsmen honored as the ancestor of the famous artisans of the Warring States .

Lesson 13

List: The Tyranny of Qin

Questions and Answers: a. Why was Qin able to annex the six states to achieve unification? b.What was positive about Qin's unification?

c. What was the root cause of Qin's downfall? d. How do you evaluate the uprising of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang?

e.Try to evaluate Qin Shi Huang.

Lesson 14

1. After the king of Qin unified the six states, he adopted the title for the first time, which was called . At the same time, he set up the central government, abolished the local government, and established a centralized government to strengthen the centralized power.

2. After the unification of China, Qin Shi Huang stipulated that the standard script should be issued to the whole world, and later a new font was introduced; he also stipulated that the national currency should be used uniformly throughout the country. At the same time, the system was unified.

3. Qin Shi Huang built the Great Wall of China from the west to the east in order to defend himself against the attack of the Qin Shi Huang.

List: Measures taken by Qin Shi Huang to consolidate his rule.

Lesson 15

Basic Knowledge: 1. In 202 B.C., Liu Bang claimed the title of emperor and established the Han Dynasty, with its capital at Chang'an, which is known as the Western Han Dynasty.

2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to "dismiss the hundred schools of thought and revere only the Confucians," and Confucianism was established as the orthodoxy of the autocratic dynasty. He set up the Imperial College in Chang'an to promote Confucian education.

3. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty created the first chronicle of the year.

Q&A: What measures did Emperor Wu of Han take to advance the pattern of great unification? What were the results? (Answers on page 39 of the Basic Training)

Lesson 16

1. During the Western Han Dynasty, in order to unite the countries in the western regions to fight against the Xiong Nu, he sent two missions to the western regions.

2. In 60 B.C., the government of the Western Han Dynasty set up the Western Region. This was the beginning of the formalization of the region under the jurisdiction of the central government.

3. The land route across Europe and Asia opened during the Western Han Dynasty was . It started from . It traveled through the Hexi Corridor and the present-day Xinjiang region to Central Asia, West Asia, and up to .

Q&A: What was the role of Zhang Qian's mission to the West?

Lesson 17

1. As early as the Qian Dynasty, China's working people invented paper. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, he improved the art of papermaking, and people called his improved paper .

2. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the medical doctor known as the Sage of Medicine was , and he wrote a book that laid the foundation of Chinese medicine therapy.

3. Hua Tuo developed a general anesthesia agent, which is an innovation in the history of world medicine and is known as .

4. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the mathematical monograph , which recorded the world's most advanced mathematical algorithms at that time, marked the formation of the Chinese mathematical system centered on computation.

Q&A: How did the invention and legend of papermaking in China contribute to the development of human culture?

Lesson 18

1. The religion that originated in ancient India was introduced to China via the Silk Road at the time. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, people were sent to the Buddha to collect scriptures. The first Buddhist temple in China was at Luoyang. China's first Buddhist temple is Luoyang .

2. China's native religion is , it was formed in the period , its ideas come from the folk and .

3. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the field of thought gradually formed a situation in which the three schools of thought, namely , , and , stood side by side and complemented each other.

4. The Historical Records, the first book in the history of China, is regarded as the founding work of biographical history.

5. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the most outstanding representative of China's carving art was the world-famous , known as the eighth wonder of the world .

Lesson 20

1. In the year 200, Yuan Shao was defeated by fewer than many and won the victory to unify the north.

2. In the Battle of 208, the allied forces of , defeated Cao Cao with fewer men, thus laying the groundwork for .

3. The Three Kingdoms refers to the juxtaposition of , , and , whose founders were , , and whose capitals were in , , and .

Q&A: a. Why did Cao Cao unify the north? b. How did the Three Kingdoms come into being?

Lesson 21

1. In the last years, people from the north began to move south to escape the war, and in the latter part of the period, there was a wave of large-scale southward migration.

2. Migrants from the north moved southward, mainly in the middle and lower reaches of the country, and some of them reached a zone.

3. During the Southern Dynasties of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, intercropping was widely practiced in the southern part of the Yangtze River, and cultivation was practiced south of the Five Ridges.

4. During the Southern Dynasties of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the invention of smelting and casting was a major advance in smelting technology; ceramic firing technology also reached a fairly high level, and it became people's daily utensils. The city was one of the most economically active cities at that time.

Questions and Answers: a. What were the reasons for the mass migration of people from the north to the south? b. What role did the southward migration of population play in the development of Jiangnan's economy?

c. Why was the economy of Jiangnan able to develop during the Southern Dynasties of the Eastern Jin Dynasty?

d. List the manifestations of Jiangnan's economic development. e.List the famous battles in this booklet in which the few won the many.

Lesson 22

Questions and Answers: a. What was the purpose of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty in moving the capital to Luoyang? b.What were some of the elements of Emperor Xiaowen's reforms in the Northern Wei Dynasty?

c. How do you evaluate the reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty? d.List the names of the ethnic groups of the five hu.

e.List the names of the dynasties that had Luoyang as their capital.

f. List the several unifications in the north from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

Lesson 23

1. China's outstanding ancient mathematician , who made outstanding achievements in calculations, was the first person in the world to make the value of pi accurate to the first digit after the decimal point.

2. China's famous ancient agronomist , a life dedicated to agricultural research, and finally wrote a book, which is also China's first existing complete book of agriculture.

3. The outstanding geographer of the Northern Wei Dynasty wrote a geographic monograph on the basis of his predecessors.

Lesson 24

1. People are known as "floating clouds, as the dragon" is the calligraphy, its masterpiece is the line of calligraphy, the later honored him as .

2. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, those who were good at painting figures were , whose masterpieces were and .

3. Representing the highest artistic achievements of the Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the most famous ones are those in Datong, Shanxi Province and Luoyang, Henan Province.

4. The Four Treasures of Ancient China refer to , , , and .

4.