What does qin, qi, shū huà (琴棋书画) belong to?

[qín qí shū huà]

Qin qi shū huàpainting

(Idioms)

Editorial

In ancient times, playing the qin (which mostly referred to the playing of the guqin), chess (which mostly referred to the Chinese Xiangqi and Weiqi games), calligraphy, and painting were the skills that literati and scholars (including some famous ladies) must master to cultivate their bodies, and were therefore collectively known as qin qi shū huàpainting, the Therefore, they are collectively known as qin, qi, shu and painting, or the "Four Friends of the Literati". Today it often denotes an individual's cultural literacy.

Chinese Name

Qin, Qi, Shu, and Painting

Contents

Qin, chess, calligraphy, and painting

Substance

Ancient artistic artifacts or skills

Another name

Ya Ren Si Hao (Four Friends of the Literati)

Spelling sound

Qín Qí Shū Huà

Catalog<

1 General introduction

Zither

Go

Chess

Painting

2 Provenance

3 Examples

4 Usage

5 Guqin

6 Games

7 Calligraphy

8 Painting

General introduction

Editorial

Qin, Qi, Shu and Painting, originally refers to four ancient artistic artifacts or techniques, namely, zither, Go, calligraphy, and painting and coloring, also known as the Four Hobbies of the Elegant Man. They originated during the period of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors (2607 BC-2110 BC), as described in the encyclopedia entry "Chronology of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors". The reigns of the emperors noted below are cited from this list), or the "Longshan Culture Period of the Central Plains" (2600 BC-2100 BC), as referred to in field archaeology.

The qin and sepals

Fu Xi (2400 BC-2370 BC) invented the qin and sepals, which were made of paulownia wood. The zither was made of paulownia wood with a cavity and silk strings. The zither was initially made of five strings, but was later changed to seven strings, and the serpent was made of twenty-five strings. From the number of strings, it can be seen that the size of the qin is larger than that of the serpent. The main difference between the qin and serpent is the different occasions for playing. The qin is used to play in front of the guests, the guests do not speak, pay full attention to see play the qin and listen to the sound of the qin. This is a formal concert setting. The thur is used for playing music in the background. The qin is placed behind a screen and the guests sit around a table, chatting, eating and drinking while the music plays. This is a social occasion. Of course, the zither and the thur can be played jointly, with the zither at the front of the stage, facing the guests. Thur at the back of the stage. The zither is close to the guests, the thur is far from them. The qin player is either the host or a beautiful woman; the thurible player can be an older man. Before the qin and serpent start playing, there is a drum beat to show the guidance. The purpose of the invention and use of the qin and serpent by the ancients was to harmonize the qi of yin and yang and to purify the human heart. So the qin and serpent were invented in (2400 BC-2370 BC), and the place of invention was in the capital of Fuxi, present-day Huaiyang City, Henan Province.

Go

According to literature, Yao Shun (2205 BC-2110 BC) invented Go. The ancient name for the game was "yi", meaning "you throw a piece, I throw a piece". The name "Weiqi" means "a game of chess in which victory is decided by means of encirclement and counter-encirclement tactics". Weiqi reflects the history of the development of the western and eastern regions of Shandong in the era of the Longshan culture of the Central Plains. Today's rich, vast and densely populated Huanghuaihai Plain, before 2600 BC, was a large swampy area, or the "Great Wilderness" as the Classic of Mountains and Seas calls it, which was basically uninhabited. From 2600 BC onwards, the inhabitants of the Dawenkou culture entered this area from the east, the inhabitants of the original Hongshan culture entered this area from the north

An album (10)

, the inhabitants of the Yangshao culture entered this area from the west, and the inhabitants of the Liangzhu culture entered this area from the south. At the beginning of the influx of immigrants from all over the world into the No Man's Land, because there was a lot of open space, basically burying their heads in the sand, there was no conflict with each other. This is like the beginning of the opening game of Go, each side seized the field. With the increase of immigrants, the vacant land without owner is less and less, the residence of each ethnic group also began to border each other, and even intertwined, resulting in a complex situation in which there is you in me, and you in me, in order to consolidate the territory and expand the living space, the various ethnic groups have started the encirclement and counter-encirclement, annexation and anti-annexation of the strength of power to strength, the intellect to the intellect of the long-term competition, the competition of the basic principle of more than fewer, relying on the number of people in local superiority, by the The basic principle of the contest is to win the few by the many, to rely on local numerical superiority, and to rely on siege to decide the belonging of people and land. Weiqi is a simulation of the early history of the western and eastern regions of Henan, a historical memory in the culture of the Central Plains, and a form of entertainment to revisit the fierce competition of intellect and strength in those years. Ancient documents claim that Yao and Shun invented Weiqi to appease their respective first-born sons, Dan Zhu and Shang Jun, who could not ascend to the throne and act out the history of the country because of the Zen ceding system, so they used Weiqi to simulate and act out the history of the country to satisfy the desires of their hearts. If the place where Yao and Shun lived is taken as the place where Go was born, then this place is Linfen City, Shanxi Province today.

Chinese Chess

Bo.

Liu Bo is an ancient Chinese chess game. This type of chess is played by two players, with each side having six pieces. Each player has one piece called "lord", which is equivalent to a king, and five pieces called "scatter", which are equivalent to pawns. Chess is played on an engraved board, and the number of moves is determined by throwing chopsticks.

During the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods, "Liuboqi" was a very popular recreational activity. Until the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wen, Emperor Jing, Emperor Wu, Emperor Zhao and Emperor Xuan were all very fond of the game. In the Western Han Dynasty, the court had the official of Bo service, and those who were good at Bo enjoyed a higher status in the society and were respected by the people. The Han Dynasty also appeared to specialize in the study of the art of Bo and writings. There is a collection of "six games of chess" in the Museum of the King of Nan Yue.

Liu Boqi, also known as Boqi or Lu Bo, appeared before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the form and method of the game of Liuboqi were recorded in the "Chu Ci - Invocation of the Soul": "Liuboqi is a chess game with six books; Cao is advancing together with Thu, and Thu is forcing some; and the kingdoms are being made to mou, and the call is for some five white." The "six books" are the six games of Xiangqi.

The game consists of three kinds of equipment: chess pieces, chopsticks and boards. Each side has six pieces, namely: lord, lu, pheasant, calf, and plug (two pieces). Because the military system during the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States period, with five people as a unit, set up a unit leader, **** six people, then as military training, two teams of people competing, is also six people per side. From this, it can be seen that Rokubo is a game that symbolizes the battle at that time. When the game was played, "six chopsticks were thrown and six chess pieces were played", fighting cleverly and intelligently, attacking and forcing each other, and putting each other to death.

Robo is the predecessor of Chinese chess.

Calligraphy is a unique art form in the cultural circle of Chinese characters. Calligraphy arose after the invention of Chinese characters. According to literature, Chinese characters were invented by Cang Jie, the historian of the Yellow Emperor (2337 BC-2307 BC). There are three possible locations for the invention of Chinese characters: the two towns of Rizhao in Shandong Province, Qufu, and Xinzheng in Henan Province, most likely Qufu. Therefore, Chinese calligraphy as an art must have appeared after 2300 BC, in the Central Plains.

Painting

Painting arose before the invention of writing, and may have appeared at the same time as calligraphy (as the ancient saying goes, "painting and calligraphy have the same origin"). The earliest professional painter mentioned in the literature is the sister of Emperor Shun (2162 BC-2110 BC), "Man-shou". If "Man-shou" is used as a symbol for the creation of the art of painting, she may have lived a little later, 200 years after the invention of Chinese characters. And it is difficult to determine where she lived.

Summarizing the above, the four arts of qin, chess, calligraphy and painting were all founded in the era of the Three Emperors and the Five Emperors, i.e., the era of the Longshan Culture in the Central Plains, and their locations were all in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Source

Editor

Tang Zhang Yanyuan, "The Essentials of the Law", Volume 3: "Defenders of the Cai, commonly known by the name of Yuan, were the grandsons of Sikong Ang of Liang. Defending Cai was a learned man of letters, and had mastered the art of zither, chess, calligraphy, and painting."

Example

Editing

Ming Menglong, "Metaphors of the World," Volume 12: "At the age of twenty-five, he is richly endowed with outstanding talents, ~, and knows nothing." Qing Dynasty - Zhang Nanzhuang, "He Dian", 7th time: "Not limited to the dragon and phoenix embroidery, all pieces are exquisite, ~, all know how to do everything."

Long couplets about qin, chess, calligraphy and painting:

Previous couplet: Yin Taibai's poem "Nurturing the spirit of the people", reciting Jiaxuan's words "Serving the country", tasting Hanqing's songs "Compassionate about people's livelihoods", reading Dongpo's works with the heart of a red-blooded son. 无穷（聂晖撰联）

用法

编辑

作主语、宾语、谓语和定语；多用于女性。

Guqin

Edit

Guqin, also known as yaoqin, yuqin, and qin of seven strings, is one of the oldest plucked musical instruments in China.

Guqin

Guqin is a musical instrument that flourished during the time of Confucius, and has a history of at least 3,000 years. It was only at the beginning of this century that it came to be known as the "guqin". About the creation of the qin, the literature has "former Fu Xi made qin", "Shen Nong made qin", "Shun made five-stringed qin to sing the south wind" and so on, you can see that the qin has a long history in China. The "Classic of Poetry - Guan Ju" has "My fair lady, the qin and serpent friends", "Classic of Poetry - Xiao Ya" also has: "qin and serpent beat the drums, in order to defend the field ancestor" and other records.

On Dec. 4, 2010, a "pine and stone" zither made by Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty was sold for 136.64 million yuan at Poly's fifth anniversary autumn auction of antiques and rare artifacts, setting a world record for the auction of a musical instrument.

Game

Editorial

Game refers to Go alone, while Bo refers to the game of Six-Player Chess. In Ban Gu's "Game Attainment", there is a record that "the game is the only one in the world that has ever been played". Mengzi - sue chapter sentence on" said: today's game for the number, small number. If you do not concentrate on the game, you will not be able to play it. Yiqiu, the good game of the country also. When Yiqiu taught a game to two people, one of them would concentrate on the game, but

Go

Yiqiu would listen to it; and the other, though listening to it, would think that a swan was approaching, and would want to shoot at it with a bow, so even though he learned with them, he could not be as wise as he was. The answer is that he is not as wise as the others, but he is not. Go is a strategic two-player game played on a grid-shaped board with black and white pieces. It originated in ancient China. It is believed to have originated around the 6th century BC. Legend has it that Yao's son, Dan Zhu, was a mischievous person, and Yao invented the game to educate Dan Zhu and cultivate his temperament. The earliest reliable record of the game is found in Zuo Zhuan (左传), written during the Spring and Autumn period. During the Warring States period, Yiqiu was the first Go player to be recorded in history. "Chess" refers to the game of Go, which was called "Acer" in ancient times, and the playing of Go is called "game against game" and "game", and the pieces are divided into two colors, black and white, with simple rules and infinite variations. The two colors of the chess pieces are black and white, and the rules are simple but infinitely varied, reflecting the distinctive ideological essence of Chinese culture. It is the original culture of the Chinese people, and was recorded in the literature of the Spring and Autumn Period. Weiqi is so profound and subtle that it can never be penetrated by human wisdom. As a culture left by God to man, since ancient times, how many emperors and generals, literati, the city of cloth to enjoy, but also interpreted how many legends, beautiful poetry, and even the book of war algorithms, strategies for governing the country, and become the history of Chinese civilization, a gorgeous oddball.

Bo. The six chess, also known as Bo play or Lu Bo,

appeared in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period before, "Chu rhetoric - invocation of the soul" in the record of the six chess form and competition method: "castanets chess, there are six books some; Cao and into, Thu phase persecution some; into the Lords and the Mou, called the five white some." The "six books" are the six games of Xiangqi.

Liu Boqi is the predecessor of Chinese chess.

In the historical process of the development of Chinese civilization, "qin, chess, calligraphy and painting" can be said to be a string of bright pearls, pleasing to the ears and eyes, cultivating the body and nourishing the character, the ancient sages and sages of philosophical enlightenment, governance, also from which to obtain benefits. The "qin, qi, calligraphy and painting" have a history of thousands of years, they are the four art forms in the traditional culture of the Chinese nation to cultivate the sentiment, during which, y embodies the reality of traditional culture and folklore." The "Go" of the "Four Arts" mainly refers to the game of Go. The mystery and depth of the game of Go is breathtaking. Go began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, but now it has spread to the whole world and is widely loved in many countries, especially in Asia.

Calligraphy

Editing

Calligraphy is a traditional art unique to China. Chinese characters were created by the laboring people, and began to be used to draw

The Lanting Collection Preface, which is known as the world's first running script, was used to record things, and after thousands of years of development, it evolved into today's writing, and because our ancestors invented writing with brushes, calligraphy arose, and throughout the ages, the brushes have been used to write Chinese characters, and the writing laws of other forms of writing, such as the hard brush and finger writing, are compared with the writing laws of the brushes. As for other forms of writing, such as hard brush and finger writing, their writing rules are not very different from those of the brush, but are basically similar. Based on the principle of searching for the origin (after the oracle bone inscriptions), the focus here is on the rules of writing Chinese characters with the brush. As long as we have a "narrow" understanding of calligraphy, it will be helpful for us to understand "calligraphy in the broader sense".

In the narrow sense, calligraphy refers to the method and rules of writing Chinese characters with a brush. It includes the execution of the brush, the movement of the brush, point drawing, structure, layout (distribution, rows, chapters) and other elements. For example, the pen finger real palm virtual, five fingers QiLi; pen stroke in the front of the spread of the hair; dots to the pen with the intention, Run crag the same; the structure of the word to stand shape, the phase of peace and echo; the distribution of intricate, sparse and dense, the virtual and real, the whole chapter through the gas; paragraph knowledge of the word ancient paragraph today, the word large paragraph small, rather high than low, and so on.

"Book" refers to calligraphy, Chinese civilization, the early oracle bone inscriptions, gold (inscriptions on bronze), the pre-Qin period is mainly engraved with a knife on bamboo slips, seal script, lowercase and other fonts, after the Han Dynasty, mainly written with a brush, there are clerical script, Weiwei monument, Regular Script, Running Script, Cursive Script, Sung Style and other types of writing forms.

Painting

Editing

"Painting" refers to Chinese painting, which is generally done with a brush using water-soluble pigments on rice paper, and focuses on depicting landscapes, artifacts, birds and flowers, and people, with a simple and bright color palette, and a realistic and abstract painting style.

Chinese painting, also known as guo hua (Chinese painting), is a traditional form of Chinese painting that is mainly done on silk or rice paper using brushes, soft brushes, or fingers, and guo hua (Chinese painting) colors and ink.

Zhang Daqian Landscape Painting

Chinese painting, divided into two sections of brush painting and brushstrokes, which are two different forms of expression, brush painting with neat and meticulous, color layers rendering, details into the subtle, to use very fine brush strokes, to depict the object. Rendering paintings use concise, bold and spontaneous ink and brushwork to depict the shape and spirit of the object and express the author's feelings. In the expression of objects, ideographic painting uses generalization, exaggeration, and rich association. Although the brushstrokes are simple, the meaning is far-reaching and has a certain expressive power. It should have a high degree of generalization ability, to have a less than the more subtle mood, the pen should be accurate, skillful strokes, can be handy, the intention of the pen to follow. Since the Tang Dynasty, there have been these two styles of painting. Some between the two, both work with writing, such as in a painting, the pine line with writing techniques, the pavilion with brushwork, so that the two combined to play with the skills of brush, ink, color.

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