What are the main ancient Chinese management ideas?

Ancient China used Confucianism to run the country, and Confucianism mainly talks about "benevolence" and "propriety", so the core of ancient Chinese management thought is "benevolence" and "propriety". So the core of ancient Chinese management thought was "benevolence" and "propriety".

Traditional Chinese management thought is divided into the macro-management of the state and the micro-management of life. The science of governance was adapted to the needs of the centralized feudal state and included the management of finances and taxes, the management of population and fields, the management of markets, the management of money, the management of transport and postal services, and the management of state administration. On the other hand, the study of life management was gradually accumulated on the basis of the development of production and economic operation through the practice of the government and the people, including the study of agriculture and sideline industry, handicrafts, transportation, construction engineering, and market operation, and so on. These two aspects of learning is extremely vast, as the guiding ideology and main principles of management, can be summarized as follows.

1. Shun "Tao". Chinese history, "Tao" has a variety of meanings, belonging to the subjective category of "Tao", refers to the theory of governance, belonging to the objective category of "Tao", refers to the objective economic laws, also known as the "rules", "the", "the", "the", "the", "the", "the", "the", "the", "the", "the" and "the". The "Tao" belonging to the objective category refers to the objective economic laws, which are also called "rules" and "rules". It is the latter meaning that is used here, referring to the need for management to conform to objective laws.

The Guanzi believes that nature and society have their own laws of motion, "Heaven does not change its constant, the earth is not easy to its rules, spring, fall, winter and summer, not to change its section." (Guanzi? Situation") social activities, such as agricultural production, personnel, finance, currency, governance of rural and urban, have "track" to follow, "not in the track number and want to be a country, can not." (Guanzi? Mountain country track ") people want to achieve success in their own behavior, must be in line with the "track" of all things, all things according to their own "track" operation, for people without mercy, "all things to people also, no self-interest near also, no self-interest far also ", your behavior with it, it will "help", your career will "have its merits", "although small will be big"; on the contrary, you such as against it, it is also "against it". You will also be "against it", you will "harbor its evil", "although successful will be defeated", "can not be revitalized" (Guanzi The situation The situation").

Sima Qian regarded socio-economic activities as a natural process carried out by individuals in order to satisfy their own desires, and in the exchange of social commodities, the change of price is subject to the objective laws of nature. He writes that "the cheapness of the noble, the noble of the cheap", people for their own interests, "in order to get what they want", "let their Zhang, do their best", "each persuade their industry, enjoy their table, if the water of the and enjoy their watches, if the water tends to go down, day and night without rest, do not call and the people come from the people, do not ask and the people out of it, is not it the symbol of the Tao, and the natural test of the evil?" For the spontaneous economic activities of society, he believes that the state should follow nature, less intervention, "so the good because of", conform to the objective law, in line with its "way", is the good governance ("Historical Records"). The first is the "Cargo Sharing Legend", which is a series of articles on the subject.)

"Shun Dao", or "abide by the norm", "code", "follow the track", is an important guiding principle of traditional Chinese management activities.

2. "Heavy people" is a major element of traditional Chinese management, including two aspects: one is heavy hearts and minds, and the other is heavy talent away. To take over the world, rule the country, the cause, people are the first, so our country has always paid attention to the way to get people, the way to use people.

Get the people is the basis of governance, want to get the people must first seek benefits for the people. The pre-Qin Confucianism advocates "benevolent government", "because of the benefits of the people and the benefit of" ("Analects of Confucius? Yao said"), "to repair the culture and virtue of the people" ("Lunyu? Ji Shi" (季氏), so that "the people of the world will return to their hearts" and "those who are near will be pleased, and those who are far will come" (《论语?尧曰》). Yao said, "The world will be pleased and will return to itself." (Mencius? Li Lou on") "Guanzi" said: "the rise of the government, in obedience to the people's heart; the abolition of the government, in opposition to the people's heart", the state heart must "make obedience to the people's heart", "from the people's desires, to go to the people's evil", is the "treasure of the government". "This is the treasure of government (Guanzi? The Pastoral People"). Jia Yi of the Western Han Dynasty said: "In politics, the people are not for this also. The country as this, the king as this, the officials as this", "the country's safety and security of the survival of the rise and fall of the bad, set to the people; the king's power and insults, dim and bright, strong and weak, tied to the people; the officials of the nobility and lowly, the wise and unscrupulous, able to identify the people; the victory or defeat of the war, and whether the people's power in order to prevail." (New Book? Dazheng Shang") These ideas have existed throughout the ages and have gradually become the guidelines for the management of the state.

Getting talents is the core of getting people. In order to get talents, we must first get the people's hearts and minds, and only when the people's hearts and minds return, can we gather all the talents. Therefore, Guanzi regarded engaging in the cause of change, focusing on economic construction, and doing practical things for the people as the prerequisite for gathering excellent talents, which was called "to merge with the people by virtue", and "to make the people make by virtue" ("Guanzi", "The New Book? The Five Supporters and the Pivotal Words. The five auxiliaries, pivotal speech chapter ").

China has always had a "thirst for talent", said the importance of talent. Whether or not you can get the help of the wise and capable, related to the rise and fall of the country and the success or failure of the cause. "Get the wise man, the country is not uneasy wide ...? If you lose a wise man, the country will not be in danger" (Lü Shi Chun Qiu? Seeking People"). Zhuge Liang summarized the historical experience of Han, saying: "Pro-virtuous ministers, far from the small man, this is the reason why the first Han flourished; pro-virtuous people, far from the virtuous ministers, the reason why the subsequent Han is decadent" ("Former Exodus Table"). Yanzi Spring and Autumn Annals" is to the talent "virtuous but do not know", "know but do not use", "use but not appointed" as the country's "three ominous

In the first part of the article, the author said, "I'm not sure if I'm a good person or not.

In terms of life science, our country also has a tradition of emphasizing talent. Sima Qian advocated "can trick to wealth", he said: "tricky people have more than enough, poor people are not enough", "able to converge, the unworthy of the disintegration" ("Records of the Grand Historian"). Cargo Shik Lianzhuan"). The Tang Dynasty Lu Zhi said: "the wealth of the birth must be due to manpower, work and can be diligent is rich, poor and both Sui basket empty" ("Lu Xuan Gong set? Even section of the wealth and tax compassion for the people", the first article). Fu Xuan of the Western Jin Dynasty said: "the cut diameter feet of silk, the shape of a square inch of wood, not to be left or right, we must seek a good job". (Fu Zi? (Award Chapter) where skilled craftsmen, or a significant contribution to the production and construction, such as the Spring and Autumn invention of wood tools Lu Ban, the Warring States period to build the Dujiangyan Li Bing, the construction of Zheng Guo canal of Zheng Guo, the invention of the two-cow coupling plowing method and the three-legged bar sowing device (three-legged columbarium) Zhao over the invention and improvement of iron-smelting drums and wind devices (water rows) of the latter Han Dynasty of the Du Shi and Han Jie, the development of the textile industry has made a significant contribution to the Yuan dynasty Huang Daobao, and so on, have been celebrated throughout the ages, and have been widely publicized as a good example. All of them have been praised for thousands of years, and have been exemplary for hundreds of generations. The Guanzi ("Guan Zi"), in an outline of a national census ("Question"), included a special survey of domestic productive talents, setting up a "human rate" and honoring them. Sima Qian "cargo colon biography" records, qi "slaves", that is, inferior people, people are cheap, only the knife between the unique vision, appreciate these people's talent, charge reuse, "do their best", "so that by fishing and salt merchants and business profits The only one who appreciated these people's talents was Dengmai, who put them to good use, "doing their best" and "making them rich by fishing and salting merchants".

3. people and. "and" is to adjust interpersonal relations, unity, up and down and, left and right. For the rule of the country, and can prosper; for the rule of life, and the gas produces wealth. Therefore, our country has always regarded timing, geographical advantage, and human harmony as the three elements of career success. Confucius said: "the use of etiquette, and is valuable" ("Analects. Learning"). Guanzi said: "the upper and lower is not and, although safe, will be dangerous" ("Guanzi? Situation"). "Harmony between the upper and lower levels" and "Harmony and harmony" ("Guanzi") are the key to the success of a country. Wuxu"), is the key to a successful career. In the Warring States period, the story of Zhao's generals and ministers is well known to women and children, and has been praised as a model of unity from the perspective of the greater good.

The key to peace lies in those in power, who can unite the majority only if they are disciplined, strictly forbidding sectarianism, not appointing private individuals, and being impartial. The book, Guanzi, proposes that "those who are selfless should be tolerant of the masses," and asks the monarch not to engage in sectarian behaviors such as "exclusive promotion," "constraints," "bondage," and "sectarian behavior. He asked the ruler not to have any sectarian behaviors, not to "love people privately with their titles", and to strictly prohibit "those who form a group with a party" (Guan Zi, "The Five Aids", "The Laws", etc.). Li said that the ruler of the country must be "unbiased and non-partisan", "follow the public and extinguish the private", "the son of heaven has no private", from the state institutions to remove those who are cynical and envious of those who are exploiting the profits and benefits, and engage in sectarianism, killing and maiming people's livelihoods. and killing and maiming people's livelihood, in order to improve the relationship between the government and the people. Tang Taizong was a united monarch who not only reused those who supported him, but also reused those who had opposed him. He saved Li Jing, who had opposed his father Li Yuan, and entrusted him with an important post. Wei Zheng had persuaded Li Jiancheng to get rid of Li Shimin, Taizong took the throne, regardless of the former gap, as usual, and usually can "follow the advice", "love admonition", think of their own short, know the past, so that the group of ministers are happy to offer advice, the rule of the country with one heart. It is because of the Tang Taizong extensive unity of talent, the formation of a very high effectiveness of the talent group structure, the rule of Zhenguan has the organizational guarantee.

Modern successful entrepreneurs are also focusing on people and, founding the Shenxin yarn factory entrepreneur Rong Desheng factory to "University" of "Mingde", "in the middle" of the "Mingcheng" treatment of subordinates, "management is not strict," he said, "the people are not strict, the people are not strict. "not strict control of people, to convince people with virtue", "so that their work is not born heart, save the accident", "self-governance is effective". He said that employing people "must first be sincere, seek truth from facts? He said that the employment of people "must first be sincere, pragmatic? If the only profit-oriented, small people in the position of the factory ...? Not from hard work and thrift, extravagance, improper use of people, the industry is equal to no industry also". (Rong Desheng: "Mr. Lenong self-subscribed chronicle continued") Liu Guojun run Dacheng Textile Dyeing Company, to "loyalty and respect" as the factory motto. Song Choi Ching in the company hung the famous words of Confucius, "Do not do unto others what you do not want, do not do unto others" as the factory motto, he said, "how you want people to treat you, you first how to treat people. All of these reflect the management idea of starting from self-management to realize the harmony of people, so as to achieve systematic management to promote the cause of cooperation.

4. trustworthiness. To rule a country, you have to keep your word, and to run a business, you have to keep your word. Do all the business to keep faith. Credibility is the basis for establishing stable relationships between people in human society, and it is the guarantee for the prosperity of the country and the success of the cause.

Confucius said, "A gentleman trusts and then labors for his people" ("Lunyu? Yao said). To his disciples, he focused on the "four teachings: literature, conduct, loyalty, and faith" (Lunyu? Shu而"). To govern a country, it is never a taboo to be untrustworthy, to have changeable policies and to go back on one's words. Therefore, "Guanzi" emphasizes the importance of trust in the people, and proposes that the state administration should follow an important principle: "No can not be repeated". People can only be deceived once, the second time you do not believe you, "no can not be repeated", "do not deceive its people also". "Where words cannot be repeated, the king does not speak; where actions cannot be repeated, the king does not act. Where words are not to be repeated and actions are not to be repeated, there is a great prohibition for those who have a state" ("Guanzi"). Situation"). The same is true for the rule of life. Rule of life is also the same. Commodity quality, price, delivery date, and even borrowing and lending transactions, should pay attention to a "letter" word. Our country has never advocated "honest work", "honest business" tradition, business and not honest, and take a moment, eventually lead to disintegration, successful businessmen are mostly people with high business reputation. Hui merchants in the Ming Dynasty Tang Qi, his father had borrowed money from someone, the other side of the IOUs lost, Tang Qi paid the father's debt, and then someone picked up the IOUs, to Tang Qi to collect the debt, and he paid accordingly. Others laughed at his stupidity, he said, "the former is a real thing, and the latter volume is true" ("Anhui Tongzhi" 196 volumes). Hui蚶 another merchant Weng Sheng, business "skillful but not thieves", to obtain the trust of the community, "people do not think that the sincere and appointed", "although not reserved in the profit, and Jia Dajin, the household benefits rich" ("Wang Zunyan Anthology"). Wang Zunyan anthology? Huangmeiyuan biography"), it can be seen that trustworthiness is the way to enter the wealth.

5. Sharp tools. Production to have tools, war to have weapons, China has always had a tradition of sharp tools. Confucius said: "Workers want to do a good job, must first sharpen their tools" ("Analects"). Wei Ling Gong"). Lüshi Chunqiu (The Spring and Autumn Annals of Lu Shi). The chapter of "Ren Di" says that the use of sharp tools can achieve the effect of "half of its use in a day, its work can be doubled". The four great inventions of ancient China (paper, printing, compass and gunpowder) and their promotion greatly promoted the development of socio-economic, cultural and world civilization, and made the "Sharp Weapons Doctrine" an important part of Chinese management thought. Many major inventions in history, such as the water pestle, a new type of grain-processing machine that appeared in the Western Han Dynasty, "serves the water and pounds the grain, which is a hundred times more profitable". The water row, a new type of iron-smelting blower that appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms, greatly improved the quality of iron and thus the quality of tools and weapons, all of which were invented and popularized under the auspices of government officials of the time. Ming and Qing dynasties in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and even the country has promoted the Songjiang area advanced spinning wheel, and spinning technology, but also by the local officials invited and hosted, indicating that the idea of sharp tools has attracted the attention of the state management institutions at that time.

And in modern times, there have been repeated machines, said the state. For example, Zheng Guanying advocated that the maintenance of national independence depends on "commercial warfare", commercial warfare must rely on the machine, machine production, "labor saving and inexpensive", "exquisite", can compete with foreign goods, so we must produce our own All kinds of machines. Wei Yuan put forward the slogan of "learn from the barbarians to control the barbarians". Sun Yat-sen's industrial salvation is the core of the technological revolution, modernization, "with the machine to make goods,...... the country into affluent", and strive to ride on top of the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan. It can be seen that the "Sharp Weapon Said" through the ancient and modern, and become an important idea to build up the country and establish a business.

6. Seek truth from facts, work from the actual, is the method of thought and behavioral guidelines. Confucianism puts forward "keep the right" principle, do not look at the problem is not radical, do not go too far, not too much, "too much is not enough", over the head beyond the objective situation, to make the mistake of advancing; not as much as in the situation and miss the opportunity to flow in the conservative. Both bias will be bad, should be prevented.

"Guanzi" puts forward the principle of "the amount of force" and "time and space" principle. Everything is done according to one's ability, "one must measure one's strength, and one must measure one's skill", and "one cannot be successful without doing, and one cannot be obtained without seeking". Commanding a battle, we must know our own strength, equipment capacity, "measure the strength and know attack", "do not know any, do not know the equipment, can not". Do not "act rashly" or "advance forcibly" without regard to subjective conditions, for "if you act rashly, your soldiers will be trapped, and if you advance forcibly, your soldiers will be frustrated". ("Guanzi" pastoral, hegemonic speech, the situation of the solution, etc.) should also pay attention to the use of people according to their abilities, to enhance their strengths and avoid their shortcomings. You can't blame them all, "no and can't, no strong can't".

The principle of "time control" is to pay attention to the time (timing) and location and other objective conditions. "Things are done at the right time", "movement and static", "opening and closing", "taking and giving". Must be due to the time also, when the time to move, not the time to be quiet" ("Guanzi? Zuhehe"). Rule of state and life, regardless of the changes in time, using the same old methods, do not pay attention to "depending on the time and set up the meter" (" Guanzi? (Guan Zi? Guo Zhi), and "judging the time in order to raise things" (Guan Zi? (Guanzi? Wufu), will inevitably lead to failure. Space is different, policy measures should also be different, not a set of methods applied everywhere, governance of the family, governance of the countryside (rural), governance of the country (urban) have their own particularities, "home for the township, the township can not be; to the countryside for the country, the country can not be; to the country for the world, the world can not be" ("Guanzi? Pastoralism"). Han Fei said: "the saint does not expect to repair ancient, not law often can, on the world's affairs, because of the preparation. ......, the matter is different, then prepared for change." He used the story of waiting for rabbits to warn those who govern the country not to be "guarding the plants and so on". This is all managers should take warning.

7. Countermeasures. There is a famous saying in China: "the plan is in the tent, the victory in a thousand miles away." (The Records of the Grand Historian? Gaozu Benji") shows that in all competitive and confrontational activities, such as military, state, and life, we must plan in an integrated manner, and correctly study the countermeasures, in order to win with wisdom. There are two main points in the study of countermeasures: one is prediction and the other is operational planning.

Preparedness is not a problem; prediction is success, not prediction is invalid. According to Sun Tzu, "If you know your enemy and know yourself, you will not be in danger in a hundred battles; if you don't know your enemy and know yourself, you will win or lose; if you don't know your enemy and don't know yourself, you will be in danger in every battle." The Guanzi advocates "to be prepared for the time" and "to be unprepared is to be wasted" ("Guanzi"). The words of Guanzi (管子?霸言). The state must have foresight and be prepared for the invisible, "Only the Taoist can prepare for the invisible" ("Guanzi"). The Pastoralists"). Fan Li believed that business should have foresight, business and war, "know the fight is to repair the preparedness", to be good at "time to break" and "wisdom to break", for example, to predict the law of change of the year, to know the trend of change in the supply and demand of food, and to make timely decisions. For example, to predict the pattern of changes in the year, to know the trend of changes in the supply and demand of food, and to make timely decisions to buy and sell. He put forward the principle of "waiting for the lack of" that "drought is to fund the boat and water is to fund the car". To observe the market price changes, according to the law of "expensive on the extreme is the opposite of cheap, cheap down the extreme is the opposite of expensive", to take "expensive out as dung", "cheap to take such as jewels and jades" purchasing and selling decisions. ("Records of the Grand Historian"). Cargo Shik Lianzhuan)

There are many successful examples of systematic planning in ancient China. During the Warring States period, Tian Ji and the king of Qi repeatedly lost horse races, and then he followed the plan of the strategist, according to the strength of the horse power, his own horse against his horse, his horse against his horse, his horse against his horse, the results of the two wins and one loss, turning defeat into victory. Ding Pian of the Song Dynasty was ordered to repair the burned palace, which required the transportation of soil and building materials from far away, he dug open the road to take soil, diverted water into a river, and transported various building materials by boat, and then filled the river with construction waste to restore the road after the palace was repaired. A correct decision to make the extraction of soil, transportation of materials, disposal of garbage combined, "a move and the three services to help, the plan to save through the billions of dollars" (4 "L Pen" Volume II). In the military through the transportation of countermeasures, to win by stratagem is more numerous. Famous battles in history, such as the Three Kingdoms era Sun Quan, Liu Bei against Cao Cao's Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhuge Liang's empty city plan, Sun Bin's "reduce the stove proud of the enemy", are the use of strategic strategies to win the weak strong model.

8. Thrift. Our country's financial management and governance, has always advocated open source and reduce expenditure, advocate frugality and luxury, thrift and frugality to build the country, thrift and family. Thrifty thought from Confucius and Mozi, Confucius advocated "savings and love, so that the people in time" ("Analects"). Shui Er"). Mozi said, "If you use your money sparingly and raise yourself frugally, the people will be rich and the country will be governed." (Mozi? Saving on the use of money") Gouzi said: "The minister's job, not swim food, business of the capital, saving with the wealth of no pole," ("Gouzi? Cheng Xiang") "Strong Ben (production) and section use, then the sky can not be poor, ...... Ben barren and use extravagant, then the sky can not make it rich." (Gouzi? Day theory") Lu Zhi said: "Jie with the world and insufficient, soup with seventy miles and have more than, is the use of the surplus and deficit, in the section and not section ear. Not section is not full is exhausted, can section is not full will be full." (Lu Xuan Gong Wenji, Volume II, II) Throughout the history, where the country with a degree of clean government, not to hurt the people, the country will be peaceful. On the other hand, if the state has no measure of spending, and if the state is extravagant and extravagant, and if the state is tyrannical and tyrannical, it will breed corrupt officials, kill and maim people's livelihoods, and lead to great chaos in the world. This is one of the truths provided by the history of Chinese state management.

In terms of governance, thrift is the key to entrepreneurial wealth. Sima Qian said, "Thin diet, tolerate appetite, section clothes," and "fiber and sinew, the right way to rule life." (The Records of the Grand Historian? Cargo Shik Lianzhuan") in the early Han Dynasty, there is an agricultural Ren's, contrary to the trend of "rich people fight for luxury", and strive to implement the "family covenant", "folding section for thrift", so that the "rich for several generations". The Ren Clan, contrary to the trend of "rich people competing for luxury", practiced "family covenant" and "frugality", so that they were "rich for several generations", and became an example in the gate of heaven, which was praised. (The Records of the Grand Historian) Cargo Shik Lianzhuan") modern Chinese entrepreneurs also have more than thrifty experience in the management of factories, the founding of the Nantong Dasheng yarn factory Zhang Jian in the factory when he went to Shanghai to contact the business, had been in the street to sell words to solve the needs of the dishwasher, saving funds. Driven by him, the whole factory to strive for thrift. Zhang Jian said: "the benefits of the factory, we all know that for the terrain, but the initial start of the struggle and difficulties, and the top and bottom of the concerted efforts to economize, the start of the province is also the Chinese and foreign factories have not." (Industrial Notes, Volume I)

9. The rule of law. China's rule of law thought originated in the pre-Qin Legalist and the "tube", and later gradually evolved into a set of legal system, including the field and land system, the fiscal system, the military system, the talent system, the administration system, the market system, and so on. When Han Fei argues that the rule of law is superior to the rule of man, he cites the example of Shun, who personally resolved disputes among the people over field boundaries and fishing, and spent three years correcting three mistakes. Han Fei said that this approach is not desirable, "Shun has an end of life, and the world has no one who has gone too far. By having an end and expelling the unending, there are few who have stopped." It would be convenient to govern the country if regulations were made public and violators were corrected by law. He also advocated that the law should be open and equal, that is, the implementation of "clear law", "one law" principle. The principle of "clear law" means that the law should be "written on the map and distributed to the people," so that the whole country will know about it. "One law", that is, everyone must abide by the law, everyone is equal before the law, "the penalty does not avoid the minister, reward the good does not leave the man," government officials at all levels can not be outside the law, "can go private on the public law, the people are safe and the country is ruled. "