What schools of foreign literature are there?

One of the basic creative methods of literature and art, realism and romanticism are two main ideological trends in the history of literature and art. Realism advocates observing real life objectively, describing reality accurately and delicately according to the original features of life, and truly representing typical people in typical environments. Realistic literature and art have a long history and great achievements in China. In literature, for example, some works in The Book of Songs, Du Fu's poems, Guan Hanqing's plays and Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions are his representative works.

Second, romanticism.

One of the basic creative methods of literature and art, in the history of literature and art, it is good at expressing its passionate pursuit of the ideal world, and often uses passionate language, magnificent and magical imagination and exaggerated methods to shape its image. Literary and artistic creation in all countries has this feature from beginning to end. For example, in China literature, Qu Yuan and Li Bai's poems and songs, and Wu Cheng'en's novel The Journey to the West all have distinct romantic features. Romanticism, as a literary trend of thought, originated in the European bourgeois revolution at the end of18th century19th century, reflecting the ideology of the emerging bourgeoisie. Its representative writers are Goethe and Schiller in Germany. French Hugo, George Sha, British Shelley and Byron, etc.

Three renaissance

14 to 16 the ideological and cultural movement of the emerging bourgeoisie in Europe. /kloc-in the 6th century, bourgeois historians thought it was the revival of ancient culture, hence the name. For their own interests and demands, the emerging bourgeoisie, under the banner of reviving ancient Greek and Roman culture, put forward humanitarianism, that is, humanism: opposing asceticism and religious views in the Middle Ages, getting rid of the shackles of the church on people's thoughts, and overthrowing all authority and traditional dogmas as the basis of theology and scholasticism. Although the Renaissance is generally manifested as the upsurge of science, literature and art, due to the different social and historical conditions, the Renaissance has its own characteristics in all countries. In Italy, poetry, painting, sculpture, architecture and music have all made outstanding achievements, and the representative figure is the poet Dante. In Britain, poetry and drama have reached unprecedented prosperity, mainly represented by Shakespeare.

Fourth, critical realism.

The literary trend of thought that began to dominate European literature and art in the 1930s. It is a literary reflection of the sharp internal contradictions in capitalist society, and its progressive significance lies in paying attention to the study of social problems. With a realistic attitude, he expanded the life surface that truly reflected reality, shaped many typical figures of aristocrats and bourgeoisie, exposed and criticized the evil phenomenon of capitalist society in feudal society, described the decline of aristocrats and the rise and fall of bourgeoisie, revealed some essential aspects of social life, and some works expressed sympathy for the tragic experiences of working people. At the same time, it also enriches artistic skills and techniques. However, due to the limitations of history and class, critical realism writers cannot point out the root of evil and reveal the way out of its problems and the inevitable trend of social development. Representative writers include Balzac of France, Stendhal, Dickens of England, Nikolai Gogol of Russia and Tolstoy.

Five naturalism

A creative method and tendency of literature and art, as a more conscious literary trend of thought and genre, was formed after the French Romantic Movement in the 1960s. On the one hand, it rejects the romantic imagination, exaggeration, lyricism and other subjective factors, on the other hand, it despises the typical generalization of life by realism, demands a simple description of nature, records physical objects, pursues the external truth and trivial details of things, refuses to analyze and criticize, and tries to explain people and society with the laws of natural science, especially biological knowledge. Representative writers include Zola, the Gunger brothers and so on.

Six classicism

A literary trend of thought in Europe in the seventeenth century advocated taking ancient Greece and Rome as the model, so it was called classicism. France is the most developed country. The main representatives are Racine, Moliere and boileau. They respected kingship, advocated rationality, and pursued the unity of elegance, harmony and balance in art. At that time, they were progressive, but they tended to be abstract and conceptual in form, and finally became negative and conservative stereotypes, replaced by romantic concerns.

Seven sentimentalism

/kloc-a literary trend of thought in Europe in the late 0/8th century. Advocating the expression of inner feelings, emphasizing the spiritual life of individuality, using the first-person writing method, lyrically writing landscapes, and being dissatisfied with reality, most of them have a strong sentimental sentiment. Representative writers include Stern of Britain and Rousseau of France.

Eight symbols

/kloc-one of the main schools of European decadent literary thoughts in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, it is required to express the mysterious situation in a trance with obscure language. Representative writers such as malamei.

Nine degrees of aestheticism

/kloc-the bourgeois literary trend of thought popular in Europe at the end of 0/9, advocating literature for literature's sake.

, divorced from real life, pay attention to skills and formal beauty.

Ten impressionism

Europe/kloc-literary thoughts and artistic schools from the 0/9th century to the 20th century. It first appeared in France, mainly in painting. The representative writers are Hoptmann and others in Germany.