The origin of Hakka

Endless Hakkas, where is your root? Hakkas looking for an ideal home, where is your paradise? The vast Central Plains, the surging Yellow River, roared on the shore; Brilliant China has a vast territory, a long history and profound knowledge. The Yellow River is surging and flowing in the blood of Hakkas. Zhongyuan is the hometown of Hakkas, and there are roots of Hakkas here! The promised land of Hakkas is at their feet. Hakkas are full of vigor and vitality, and they can open up a new world wherever they go!

The Chinese nation is a great nation. Hakka is an outstanding branch of the Chinese nation. Hakka ancestors used to be the cradle of Chinese civilization-the Han nationality in the Jianghuai Valley of the Yellow River. From the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to natural disasters and wars, they moved southward in large numbers. They first took root in the vast mountainous areas at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and then spread to southern provinces and overseas. Now there are tens of millions of Hakkas in more than 70 countries and regions around the world. People often say: "Where there is the sun, there are China people, and where there are China people, there are Hakkas." Hakka has become one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching ethnic groups in the world today.

Country and family. Nation refers to all kinds of people at different stages of social development, such as primitive nation, ancient nation and modern nation. At the same time, there are other widely used, such as the Chinese nation, the Arab nation and so on. The concept of clan system was invented by Luo Xianglin, an expert on Hakka studies in 1930s. Its connotation is each independent branch or unit within the same nation. Today, the concept of various ethnic groups within the Han nationality has almost become a professional term in academic circles.

Today, the Hakkas in China are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Taiwan Province and other provinces. Hakkas abroad are mainly distributed in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and other countries and regions. In the history of the development of the Chinese nation, the development of the Yangtze River valley and the Fujian-Guangdong-Jiangxi triangle by Hakka ancestors and their descendants has had an inestimable impact on the economic and cultural prosperity of South China, the development of the Han family, the spread and development of Chinese culture and the civilization of the Central Plains. Since modern times, Hakka ancestors have also played an important role in promoting economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. In the modern history of China, outstanding Hakka sons and daughters came forth in large numbers, fought bravely for national independence and national liberation, and wrote an epic and glorious historical chapter. In today's wave of world development, Hakkas are still charming and have made great achievements.

Hakka clans have not existed since ancient times. It can be seen from the fact that Hakkas are called "Hakkas" but call themselves "Hakkas" that Hakkas are the products of historical immigrants. Immigration-immigration-re-immigration-re-immigration, Hakka ancestors experienced hardships. With its unique lifestyle and tenacious vitality, Hakkas have created their own unique cultural traditions and vast social areas, thus becoming a special ethnic group with a large population, wide distribution and talented people.

So, what is Hakka? It can be said that Hakka is an important ethnic group of Han nationality; Hakka is a unique and stable Han group. The gathering place of Hakka people is the triangle of Gannan, western Fujian and eastern Guangdong (there are 29 pure Hakka counties here, which are the base camp of Hakka people). Hakka dialect is a unique language of Hakka people. Hakka people have special Hakka culture and customs; Hakka people have a unique Hakka spirit. To sum up, Hakka is a unique and stable ethnic group of Han nationality formed due to historical reasons. They share the same interests and have a unique and stable Hakka language, culture, folk customs and emotional mentality (that is, Hakka spirit). Anyone who meets the above stable characteristics can be called Hakka.

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Hakka, which is synonymous with wandering and weather-beaten suffering, is full of blood, tears and bitterness in the migration process of Hakka; Hakkas, synonymous with the glory of hard work and pioneering, have created the famous Hakka spirit and culture through hardships-their glory and brilliance are worthy of pride.

When the ancestors of Hakkas traveled around and finally found this base camp in the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, they were regarded as "guests" by other ethnic groups around them, that is, "outsiders". Hakka people who are always guests and everywhere are not only called "guests", but also call themselves "guests", which shows that they are generous and open. It is this kind of magnanimous and open-minded spiritual quality that the Hakka people can "be at home in a foreign land", integrate the aborigines in southern Jiangxi, western Fujian and eastern Guangdong, and finally form a unique and excellent Hakka family. The formation process of Hakka clan is also the process of the formation, development and growth of the Chinese nation. Hakkas are outstanding members of the Chinese nation. Learning and understanding the formation process of Hakka clans will help Hakka descendants to understand the historical footprint of the Chinese nation more deeply and enhance their sense of historical responsibility and mission to the country and the nation.

The Formation of Hakka Clans and the Origin of Hakka Appellations

What is a Hakka clan?

In the long history of thousands of years, Hakka ancestors have been in a state of mobility. Migration and re-migration are important features of the formation of Hakkas. When others have basically settled down, Hakkas are still moving around looking for an ideal home. It was the great migration of Central Plains civilization that formed a unique and excellent clan.

So, what is the Hakka clan? The so-called Hakka clan is a branch within the same body of the Han nationality. After a long-term migration, they finally arrived and settled in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, forming a group with unique dialects, customs and other cultural phenomena different from other ethnic groups around them.

Criteria for the formation of hakka clans. First, Hakka dialect. One of the most basic and important aspects to distinguish Hakka from non-Hakka is language. Hakka dialect is not only a symbol of Hakka becoming a Hakka, but also a cohesive bond of Hakka self-identity. Specifically, the most direct and simple reason why a Hakka recognizes another Hakka as his own ethnic group is that both sides speak the same Hakka dialect, not because of the same region and blood relationship. Second, important cultural phenomena in the base camp area. The so-called cultural phenomenon refers to the deep cultural things that are closely related to people's daily life and directly or indirectly reflected in people's daily behavior. For example, folklore, religion, philosophy of life, value orientation, psychological feelings and so on. The research results of contemporary cultural anthropology show that the self-identity between different groups (groups, genera, etc.). ) is mainly a cultural phenomenon, in addition to these innate factors such as race and descent.

Hakka's base camp

The triangle of southern Jiangxi, western Fujian and eastern Guangdong is the base camp of Hakkas. There are traffic jams in the base camp area, and the triangle is full of hills and mountains, which is the place where the southeast hills are concentrated. Wuyishan and Nanling Mountains meet here, forming a natural barrier separating the Central Plains from the southeast coast. It is in the center of this natural barrier that three great rivers, Ganjiang, Tingjiang and Meijiang, have been bred. On the banks of these three rivers and their numerous tributaries, small basins are dotted. Hakka ancestors migrated from north to south and finally found an ideal place to stay. The small basin here, through the hard development and construction of several generations of Hakkas, has formed a series of busy market towns and villages with smoke curling up.

Before the Hakkas came, the Jiangxi-Fujian-Guangdong Triangle was a primeval forest with few people and wild animals. In this wild mountain, there are local aborigines such as Baiyue, She nationality and Yao nationality. These ethnic minorities are backward in culture, in the wild era of slash and burn, and their productivity level is extremely low. A large number of Hakkas moved south, which brought vigorous vitality to this desolate and magical land. Hakka brought the seeds of crops, advanced farming techniques and building techniques from the Central Plains. They cut down trees to open up wasteland, build dams to cultivate fields, turn small basins or gentle slopes into minefields or terraces, build ditches and slopes, and irrigate fields with water, making the silent mountains picturesque. Shan Ye, once desolate and isolated, became noisy, and the productivity level was greatly improved. Hakkas open roads on every mountain and bridge when they meet water, and villages are connected by winding paths or thoroughfares. Some large villages with concentrated population have formed bazaars. In this way, the Hakkas brought excitement to the valley, prosperity to the mainland and civilization to the desolate Shan Ye. The pioneering work of Hakka ancestors in the triangle areas of southern Jiangxi, western Fujian and eastern Guangdong shows their spirit of hard work and hard struggle, as well as their courage to fight against the sinister environment. It is with this spirit and courage that we have created a strong and unyielding outstanding nation.

"The caged bird loves the old forest, and the pond fish misses his hometown". Hakkas have not forgotten the Han culture in the Central Plains. First of all, they insisted on "awei dialect" (the mother tongue of the Central Plains), and absorbed and integrated the local dialects, forming a relatively independent and self-contained Hakka dialect that preserved the phonology of the Central Plains. Secondly, they inherit and carry forward the benevolent spirit of Confucianism, dissolve the wariness and hostility of local aborigines, educate and assimilate them, and integrate local aborigines into Hakkas. Third, they actively spread the culture of the Central Plains. They actively run schools and develop education, and groups of Hakka intellectuals were born and raised in the ravine.

For generations, Hakkas have helped the old and brought up the young, shouldered the civilization of the Central Plains, endured hardships, resisted the flood of natural disasters, crossed the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, crossed the Nanling Mountains of Wuyi, took root in the triangle of southern Jiangxi, western Fujian and eastern Guangdong, developed production, lived and worked in peace and contentment, and planted civilization, showing a vivid and wonderful cultural map of self-sufficiency in farming and reading. So far, a Hakka clan with remarkable characteristics has been formed, which has a continuous connection with the Han nationality in the Central Plains in terms of language, people's feelings, customs and culture. Then, Hakkas traveled to Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, crossed the Straits and spread all over the world, and developed into an outstanding ethnic group with a large population and far-reaching influence in the world. Huang Zunxian, a famous poet in the late Qing Dynasty, said: "The Tao and the Peach arc moved left and right, and the south has been far away for thousands of years. Dialect fully proves the original rhyme, and customs and habits still exist three generations ago. " The poem refers to the historical fact that Hakka ancestors left their homeland in the Central Plains, went through hardships, moved to Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and then developed to southern provinces and overseas.

The origin of Hakka appellation

The formation of Hakka clans in the triangle of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong makes the southeast corner of Chixian county dazzling and full of vitality. The mysterious and colorful Hakka Base Camp proudly announces to the world that there are a group of people with China blood in their veins, who are working hard to sow and cultivate Chinese civilization. The name of this group of people is Hakka.

So, how did the name Hakka come from? Wang Li, a famous linguist, believes that Chinese rhymes "Hakka means' guest' or' outsider', so Hakka is a foreigner." It can be seen that Hakka dialect is a kind of symmetry relative to the "master" (aborigines), and the "guest" in Hakka dialect means a foreigner. "Being a guest makes you feel at home", and those who are a guest in a foreign country and make this their home are called Hakkas.

On the whole, the word "guest" embodies the historical opportunity of Hakka people to stay at home all the time, and the generosity and openness of "calling themselves guests" "People often do Kunzhi's work in all directions, and a routine program can be set up everywhere. Being in a foreign land is still in my hometown. " This is a long-standing ballad in Hakka area. This ballad reflects the historical experience of Hakkas who are far away from their homeland and hometown, and shows their happy and broad-minded spirit. The magnanimity of "people are willing to work hard and aim at all directions" and the spirit of "being at home in a foreign country" show the heroic spirit of Hakka people who respect me and call themselves guests. Without this heroism, how can Hakkas be proud of being called or calling themselves "guests"?

Hakka, a resounding name, makes Hakka descendants proud of it. The formation process of Hakka clan makes people clearly see the formation and development process of the Chinese nation; Hakka spiritual culture reflects the profound and long-standing civilization of the Chinese nation. The magical and colorful Hakka spiritual culture needs us to inherit, carry forward and develop.

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Chinese culture is brilliant and has a long history, just like a symphony with a large scale and extraordinary spirit, and Hakka culture is one of the wonderful sections. In the past, Hakka traditional culture has brought up a batch of outstanding Hakka talents; Today, Hakka culture, which shines with the brilliance of humanistic ideals, nurtures a new generation of Hakka children to grow sturdily.

Hakka culture

The foundation of Hakka traditional culture "Where does Hakka come from? This Han and Zhou (zh Plain native) has three generations, and lives in Heluo. Since the beginning of Jin Dynasty, the soldiers were in a state of chaos, and he went to the south. After the disaster of the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, he was sent to a distant place, started four industries, traced back to the source, and claimed to be a thousand-year-old guest. Where is your hometown? A few ancestors, the old clan of the Central Plains, moved to Guangdong and Fujian. Since the end of the Song Dynasty, they settled in Ju 'an, stopped in Meizhou, resumed broadcasting in the Ming Dynasty, and moved to Qing Dynasty. The group is divided into border counties, and melons (Di Plain) are all over five States, with the same root (Ding Plain), and home is home in the world. " (Huang Huoxing: "Long Couplet One Couplet" is taken from Hakka Culture ResearchNo. 1 issue)

In the unprecedented national migration in history, countless hardships have tempered the perseverance and fortitude of Hakka people. The flame of Central Plains civilization is lit everywhere in the drift from place to place; Burning in the misery of wandering. Perhaps it can be said that if there were no Hakkas leading the Central Plains civilization south to maintain and continue the ancient civilization, Chinese civilization might be interrupted or even destroyed. It can be seen that Hakka is the oldest carrier of Chinese civilization and the "living fossil" of the ancient Han nationality.

So, what is traditional culture? Traditional culture usually refers to the cultural elements that existed stably in the past, spread to this day and still play a role. Hakka has its own traditional culture, which is the inheritance and development of the Central Plains and Heluo culture. Its long history, historical migration and environmental conditions in remote mountainous areas make it a Hakka cultural tradition with its own characteristics. Therefore, Hakka culture is a subculture of Chinese culture, with national color and regional characteristics.

Heluo culture is the root of Chinese culture and Hakka culture. Heluo culture is the core and symbol of Chinese culture, which originated from the traditional culture of ancient Yellow River and Heluo area in China. Heluo culture is the most mature main vein of China's ancient cultural development, and the central axis, cradle and holy land of China's cultural development. Heluo culture has a long history and rich connotations. As early as the Paleolithic Age, human beings lived and engaged in production activities in Heluo area, and Heluo culture was born. In the Neolithic Age, Heluo culture developed greatly. Heluo took the lead in entering the civilized era in China and has long been the core of Chinese civilization. Chinese characters first appeared in Heluo area. China's four academic thoughts, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism and rationalism, can be traced back to Heluo. China's four great inventions, papermaking and block printing, all originated in Luoyang. Zhang Heng made "armillary sphere" and "seismograph" in Luoyang. Ma Jun of the Three Kingdoms invented rollover in Luoyang. The landmark articles of the Han and Wei Dynasties, the literature of the Western Jin Dynasty, the poems and songs of the Tang Dynasty, the masterpieces of history and geography, and the famous painters and calligraphers all flourished in Luoyang. Luoyang is an ancient capital with a history of thousands of years. There are many people and treasures here. There are countless cultural relics on the ground and underground, and the cultural accumulation layer is rich, ranking first in the country.

The Ganjiang, Tingjiang and Meijiang river basins in the base camp area are the most important areas for the formation of Hakka culture. Hakka research experts summarize the formation and evolution of modern Hakka traditional culture as "Sanjiang culture" (namely Ganjiang culture, Tingjiang culture and Meijiang culture), which shows that the formation of Hakka traditional culture is closely related to the natural and social conditions in the base camp area.

"Sanjiang culture" and its representative figures. 1. Ganjiang culture: It is mainly the culture of the Song Dynasty, with the cultural characteristics of Hakka settlements in southern Jiangxi, and the representatives are Hakka Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi. Secondly, Tingjiang culture: With the Hakkas moving south to Tingzhou Prefecture, Fujian Province, they experienced wars in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and formed Tingjiang cultural characteristics represented by Shixiong Li and Liu Fang. Third, Meijiang culture: In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, a large number of Hakkas moved south to Jiaying House, forming one of the Hakka base camps in eastern Guangdong, becoming the hometown of culture and gestating Meijiang culture. Its representatives are Huang Zunxian and Qiu.

Hakka traditional culture has a long history, just like a towering tree in Aoba Shigeru. Her tall and straight posture is bathed in the warm sunshine in the south; Her developed roots are deeply rooted in the ancient soil layers of the Central Plains and Heluo. This is a towering tree standing on the sacred land of the East! This is a towering tree that reflects the five continents and four seas!

Basic characteristics of Hakka culture

As an internally stable and externally standardized lifestyle, culture is the product of human natural environment (that is, the relationship between man and land) and social environment (that is, the relationship between people). The formation and evolution of any ethnic group or national culture can not be separated from the specific geographical environment, economic base and social structure. So is the emergence and development of Hakka culture. The following is a preliminary summary and analysis of Hakka cultural consciousness and its basic characteristics.

Hakka cultural consciousness is the spiritual product of Hakka people's gradual formation and development in the long historical process of migration.

The so-called cultural consciousness is the ideology formed in the historical process of human social development, the experience and wisdom accumulated by human beings in life practice, and the spiritual power for human beings to understand and transform the objective world. To a great extent, it plays a leading, normative and standard role in people's thoughts, behaviors, psychology, language and moral concepts. The cultural consciousness of Hakkas is full of humanistic ideals and realistic spirit, emphasizing fame and fortune and neglecting merit. Filial piety, thin rights; Attach importance to cultural education, ignorance; Moral values such as attaching importance to faith and despising villains are the basic contents of modern Hakka cultural consciousness.

The basic contents of Hakka cultural consciousness (that is, the concrete expression of Hakka values) are "four values" and "four thinness" First, "name festival, light merit". Hakkas value personal honor more than money. It is considered immoral to be unkind to individuals, disrespectful to ancestors and parents, unfaithful to husband and wife, betraying the country and nation, unfaithful to women, lazy and gambling, which is a humiliation to ancestors and a degradation of personality and integrity. Hakkas often say: "A man looks at his face by his skin, a tree by his skin", "Don't do anything wrong, don't be greedy for ill-gotten gains" and "Money is like dirt, and benevolence and righteousness are worth thousands of dollars". Second, "filial piety, meager strength." The hardships of migration and the adventure of going abroad make Hakkas strongly hope for harmony, equality and friendship, and also make them strongly resent their wealth and unkindness and inequality to others. This kind of values is closely related to the historical situation and social status of Hakkas. Third, "honest, thin villain." Hakkas regard faith as the basic moral character of treating people in social communication, and regard it as the value standard of judging friends or "villains". In order to make a living and survive in another country, Hakkas first win the trust of others by faith. Hakkas regard all acts that harm others and benefit themselves, cheat, cheat, frame up and betray their beliefs as "villains". Hakkas often say: "Faithfulness is not a gentleman, meanness is not a husband", "Pro-gentleman, far from a villain". Fourth, "pay more attention to cultural education and less attention to farmers and workers." Hakkas believe that only by studying can they be sensible and clear-headed and make a difference. Especially in modern times, the population of the area where Hakkas live is constantly expanding, with more mountains and less fields, backward productivity and underdeveloped economy. In order to get rid of poverty, people make a living abroad and overseas, and cultural knowledge has become their main means of making a living. There is a saying in Hakka: "It is better to raise pigs if there are children who don't study." Hakka nursery rhymes sing: "In the moonlight, a scholar rides a white horse and crosses the lotus pond ..." And "Toad Luo, giggle, don't study, marry your wife ..." The concept of "thin migrant workers" in Hakka dialect is not worth taking today.

To sum up, the rich and colorful Hakka culture has three basic characteristics: first, its unpretentious style; Second, the spirit of being pragmatic and avoiding emptiness; Third, the temperament of chasing far away.

First, plain style.

The simple and small-scale agricultural farming in the base camp area makes the real life of Hakka people stay in a relatively simple, extensive and low state. "Mountains and fields are few, but tree art is no good. Out of the land, not eating. Go to Sichuan, cross the ocean, leave the well, carry your parents and make amends. It is not a child or a wanderer, and it can be found everywhere "(Tai Po County Records of the Republic of China). This is a life that many Hakkas have experienced together. Advocating "simplicity" and "clumsiness" while belittling "luxury" and restraining "luxury" have not only become the persistent attitude of the Hakkas, but also developed into their persistent and strong life concept and aesthetic fashion. For example, "if you are old, you will enjoy it, and you will be afraid of extravagance." Young and long clothes are still new and have never been extravagant. They are straightforward, frugal and not extravagant. They are straightforward in nature and pungent in temperament. Another example is that "the crown, marriage and mourning are frugal, and the tableware is not extravagant", "the people are kind and diligent, and the scholars know how to learn but not extravagant"; Another example is "Qi dwellings do not seek luxury, clothes do not seek luxury, food does not seek novelty, and utensils do not seek novelty." In Hakka areas, from daily life, to New Year's Eve, to residential buildings, to clothes and things, this spirit of advocating simplicity is shown. Hakka's simple and humble aesthetic consciousness is typically reflected in Hakka women. "Sunset girls come to fetch water, crows in long skirts pile barefoot", "Go out early and come home late, let it rain or shine. Passers-by don't be ugly, you must know that I am not a beauty. " Poetry circulating in Hakka areas reflects the aesthetic concept of Hakka women.

Second, the spirit of being pragmatic and avoiding emptiness.

Hakka people like to say, "As you sow, you reap." They believe that empty talk is useless, and doing practical things is rewarded. "Land to the tiller, land to the hoe, and gratitude to heaven if he is warm" and "All kinds of martial arts are not worth hoeing" are ballads circulating in Hakka areas, which embody the spirit of seeking truth and being pragmatic. "Scholars are ashamed of being pragmatic and rarely flaunt themselves." Even traditional scholars and scholars in the base area advocate this pragmatic attitude towards life. This pragmatic spirit rooted in farming civilization is not only reflected in the real life of Hakkas, but also firmly rooted in their deep consciousness.

Third, the pursuit of distant temperament.

Hakka people have a strong sense of ancestor worship. This strong sense of history, which comes from opposing the roots and chasing the ancestors, makes all kinds of cultural events in Hakka areas have antique meanings. Some people compare the cultures with different regional characteristics in Chixian County, China, and vividly describe that compared with the new trend of Wuyue culture, the heroic culture of the Central Plains and the mystery of Jingxiang culture, Hakka culture is obsessed with the depth and dignity of a national history. It does not have the charm of wuyue, the grandeur of the Central Plains and the romance of Jingchu, but it has cast a sense of historical depth of national culture and condensed the broad style and profound temperament of national historical inheritance.

Hakka culture full of "local complex"

"Local Complex" is one of the characteristics of China traditional culture, and it is also a prominent feature of Hakka traditional culture.

China has been a typical agricultural society since ancient times. In an agricultural society, people have lived on the same land for generations. People born and raised in Sri Lanka have infinite attachment to their homeland. Many Hakkas have left their native land for decades. Although their childhood life was so poor, they missed their homeland so sweetly. Local complex, injecting China traditional culture; Infiltrate Hakka culture.

Migrating, leaving my hometown, crossing mountains and mountains, crossing the ocean, I never forget my hometown land and relatives. Hakkas are forced to move again and again. How can people who are forced to leave their hometown and lose their hometown know more about the loveliness of their hometown? How can we not cherish the local friendship more?

Folk traditional culture and art reflecting local customs. In Hakka traditional culture, nothing can better reflect the local feelings than Hakka folk songs. As the saying goes, "Hakka folk songs are particularly famous" and "Hakka folk songs are released (place names are harmonious)" comes from the mouth. "This kind of folk songs with strong local flavor makes people homesick and is unique among China folk songs. Hakka folk songs are a wonderful flower in the garden of Chinese folk literature and oriental poetry. Hakka folk songs are the treasures of Hakka folk literature. It comes directly from the people and expresses the production and life, joys and sorrows of Hakkas, with deep feelings, simplicity and beauty, and is deeply loved by the people. For thousands of years, Hakka folk songs have been widely and persistently circulated in Hakka inhabited areas, with their charm and eternal youth, showing strong artistic vitality. Besides Hakka folk songs, there are local operas such as Cantonese Opera, Tea Picking Opera, Hua Chaoxi, Puppet Opera and Mountain Opera. These local operas, except Han operas, are all sung in Hakka dialect, and their tunes have strong local characteristics. In Hakka traditional culture, folk proverbs are the most popular, easy to understand and have a strong Hakka flavor. Especially those proverbs that are homesick are memorable. For example, "Life is long and you are not afraid of your hometown", "It's hard to go out at home for thousands of days", "Trees attract wind and leaves return to the roots", "You won't welcome guests at home, but you will know your host when you go out" and "As long as you are kind, eating sweet potato soup is sweet" ... Folk sculptures, paintings, folk handicrafts and local snacks are full of strong local friendship.

Hakka dialect! Whether you migrate from the Central Plains to the wild land in the southeast or from your native land to the thorny land in a foreign country, you are always so high-spirited and persevering. The word "success" is written in my heart, but the word "failure" can't be found in my heart. Hakka, why on earth are you as strong as steel? This is because your heart is filled with a piece of black coal from the traditional culture deep in the Central Plains stratum-burning the soaring flame of humanistic ideals-illuminating the way forward for all Hakka children. The heat emitted by this soaring flame makes the land of China warm as spring, and makes the five continents warm as spring. Yes, Hakkas are messengers of spring. Wherever they go, they can open up a brand-new spring.

Hakka culture is a new branch on the tree of ancient Chinese culture. On this lush new branch, colorful fruits are hung.

Appendix: Hakka Earth Building-Natural and Stretching Symphony

In the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces, grotesque earth buildings are scattered all over the place. This is a huge residential building rammed with mud by Hakkas living there. It has no intention of showing off its elegance, but it amazes the world! A UNESCO consultant praised it as "a unique mythical mountain building model in the world!" In recent years, there has been an endless stream of experts and tourists from home and abroad visiting Hakka Tulou. They praised Hakka Tulou as "a wonderful flower of ancient architecture in China", "a pearl of oriental civilization" and "a cultural wealth shared by the people of China and the people of the world". A Japanese professor visited the earth buildings in Hakka areas in western Fujian. He feasted his eyes on the round and square earth buildings with thick structures and praised them as "like black flying saucers falling from the sky" and "a natural and stretched symphony".

Connotation of hakka tulou architectural form--revealing hakka spirit and unique psychological characteristics of hakka people. She is "a legend in the mountains of southern China", a precious "living fossil" of China folk culture, and a unique treasure in the world's residential buildings.

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Wen Xiu, a native of "Hakka hinterland", worships literature and learning. More than a dozen counties centered on Meizhou, the world's Hakka capital, are the hinterland of Hakka, that is, the Hakka central area, where education is particularly developed and is known as the hometown of culture, football and overseas Chinese. Meizhou is known as the "hometown of culture" in history, which embodies the Hakka spirit of people-oriented, literature-oriented, knowledge-based and advocating education. The ancients said: "Mei people are barren, relying on the living, reading for their ears, and books follow their actions." Wang, a magistrate in Qing Dynasty, once said: "Scholars are poor and refuse to drop out of school, but they are good at reading and talking." In Meizhou, private schools, social studies and academies abound. In the past, many ancestors were selected by the imperial examinations, but many of them were chosen to be the number one scholar, which can be described as "the honor of a family." Modern education in Meizhou has attracted people's attention. 1925, when Zhou Enlai went to Meizhou for the second time, he said, "Meixian county has developed education, especially in Guangdong counties, including county-level normal schools, Dongshan middle schools, county-level middle schools and Yi Xue middle schools. It is very spiritual, and other schools have good grades, and education is particularly popular. Even in poor families, their children are enrolled. " Nowadays, Meizhou, which holds high the banner of Hakka excellent traditional culture, is adapting to the modernization of education and striving to build a brand-new "hometown of culture".

French Catholic priest Larry Richards once preached in Meixian County for more than twenty years. 190 1 year compiled the Hakka Law Dictionary. He said in the preface: "In Jiaying Prefecture (now Meizhou), a place with less than 300,000 people, schools can be seen everywhere. A city with less than 30,000 people has more than a dozen middle schools and dozens of primary schools, and the number of students is almost more than half of the city's residents. There is more than one school in every village in rural areas. Even if there are only 300 to 500 people there, there are only 3,000 to 5,000 people at most. Because every village of Hakkas has an ancestral temple, which is where they worship their ancestors, and that ancestral temple is also a school. There are six or seven hundred villages in China, all of which have ancestral halls, so there are six or seven hundred schools. This is really an appalling fact. In terms of population proportion, not only is there no place in the country to compare with it, but it is also comparable to European and American countries. Why is the education in Meixian so developed? I think the biggest reason is its environment, because this place is mountainous, with few fields and insufficient food. Men should go out to make a living and learn the skills to make a living. Moreover, the ancestors who moved north were lofty figures, and they all had the idea that reading was precious. Therefore, they tried their best to set up schools. There are many public property in their ancestral temple, and the income from public property is used to run schools. Students are generally free, so although they are beggars' children, they also have places to study and will not become illiterate. This is the so-called equality of educational opportunities. " At the end of 1940s, there were 34 middle schools in Meixian, and the popularization of middle school education ranked first in China.

Hakka ancestors came from the Central Plains and Heluo, which have profound cultural heritage. After they took root in the mountainous areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, they inherited the legacy of the Central Plains and passed on their work. Advocating culture, attaching importance to education, being willing to learn, reading-oriented, emphasizing articles and being proud of knowledge have become an ethos of Hakka society.

Entering Hakka Mountain Residence