Research status of project risk management and China's countermeasures?

On the research status and countermeasures of project risk management in China. Here, the bidding teacher consulted by Zhong Da will answer your questions for your reference.

I. Overview of Risk Management and Project Risk Management As a new discipline, risk management has been widely used in project management. Although the germination of risk management thought can be traced back to primitive human survival activities in ancient times, as a systematic scientific method, it originated in Germany at the beginning of this century. After World War I, serious inflation occurred in Germany, which caused economic exhaustion. Therefore, enterprise management issues including risk management have been raised. 1929- 1933, the United States was involved in the worst world economic crisis, making risk management the focus of many economists' research. 193 1 The Insurance Department of American Management Association first put forward the concept of risk management. 1932, new york Insurance Brokers Association was established, and several large companies in new york regularly organized discussions on risk management theory and practice. The establishment of this association marks the rise of risk management discipline. However, it was not until 1950s that risk management really attracted enough attention and was popularized in American industrial and commercial enterprises. At that time, two major events happened in American business circles. One is that the automatic transmission device of General Motors of the United States caused a fire, causing huge economic losses. Secondly, the group life insurance and welfare issues and pension issues in the American steel industry have induced workers' strike for half a year, which has brought immeasurable losses to the national economy. These two events promoted the promotion of risk management in the business community, and risk management has flourished since then. 1963, the Insurance Handbook published in the United States published the article Enterprise Risk Management, which attracted wide attention in European countries. Since then, the research of risk management has gradually become systematic and specialized, and risk management has become an independent discipline in enterprise management science. Project risk management is a subject combining risk management with project management. On the one hand, project risk is the risk in project management, and the changes of various certain factors in the project have great influence on the project management process, so project risk management should be combined with the characteristics of project risk to adapt to the project management process; On the other hand, project risk is a special manifestation of risk in the project, and project risk management is an extension of risk management in the field of project management, which should be managed according to the general principles of risk management. The research of project risk management starts with the analysis of the source of project risk, and discusses the methods to reduce project risk, provide security for the project and promote the smooth progress of the project. The purpose of project risk management is to find an effective way to manage project risk, which belongs to the theoretical research scope of project risk management. The formulation and implementation of project risk management countermeasures, and the adjustment and re-implementation of the plan according to the feedback information of the implementation effect belong to the practical research of project risk management. Therefore, in the process of project risk management research, theoretical research and practical research can be organically combined, and the practical research of project risk management can be better guided through the theoretical research of project risk management, so as to realize the fundamental purpose of theoretical research of project risk management; Then through the practical research of project risk management, the theory of risk management is further enriched and developed. Second, the research status of project risk management, project manager alliance and project management issues. (a) foreign research from the published works and published papers, British scholar J? r？ Turner's Project-based Management Manual has a chapter devoted to the risk management of engineering projects. The most representative periodical is the International Journal of Project Management sponsored by Butterworth-HeinemannLtd in Britain, which often publishes articles on project risk management. Magazines that often publish articles on engineering project risks include: ProjectAp-praisal in Britain, JournalofRiskandUncertainty, RiskAnalysis and EngineeringEconomist in the United States. Related to this are other magazines (insurance: mathematics and economics), (decision science), (management science), (economics) and so on. The main content of this paper focuses on the development of technical methods and the perfection of theoretical system, and there are also a certain number of application reports and articles. In terms of the developed software and applications, the developed software includes "AnalyticalPowerTools" series of PalisadeCorporation of the United States, "RiskNet" software of the United Kingdom, "Dyn-Risk" software of Norway and "Riskman" software of Finland. In western industrialized countries, project risk management is widely used, which has been widely used in medicine, chemical industry, mining industry, petroleum and other departments from the initial national defense, aerospace and construction departments. It is worth noting that many departments in Britain, the United States and other countries, while applying engineering project risk management technology, have also compiled and constantly revised the Manual of Engineering Project Risk Management according to their own characteristics, thus ensuring the scientific, standardized and institutionalized risk management of engineering projects. For example, "Risk Management: Concepts and Guidelines" compiled by the National Defense System Management Institute of the United States is a standardized work of the US Department of Defense on how to reduce and control risks in the development of weapons and equipment. The Chinese version of this book (1989) has been translated and published by the Military Standardization Center of China Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense with the number 1992. (B) Research status of China: China's research on risk issues started from risk decision-making and started very late. The word "risk" was first put forward by Zhou Shifu in 1980, which is in line with the highly centralized and unified central planned economic system that was implemented for a long time before China's reform and opening up. 199 1 year, Gu Changyao and Qiu extended division to complex numbers for the first time in Journal of Aviation, and applied it to risk decision research. For more than ten years, there have been some works on risk analysis and risk decision-making in China, but there are not many works on project risk, and there are even fewer works on project risk management. Judging from the published works and papers, China's project risk management focuses on the control of project schedule and cost, mainly starting with the introduction of foreign network planning technology. At the initiative of Professor Hua, a famous mathematician, China began to study network planning technology in the early 1960s, and it was applied in some departments. Professor Hua summarized the network planning technology as the overall planning method, which was later called the overall planning method. At the same time, Qian Xuesen, an outstanding scientist in China, also actively advocated scientific management from the perspective of systems engineering, and applied planning coordination technology to important national defense construction projects in China, and achieved satisfactory results. From the aspect of software development and application, management schools of various universities, computing technology, Beijing Menglong Science and Technology Development Company, Dalian Tongzhou Computer Co., Ltd. (Sino-Japanese joint venture) and other units have developed some software for project management progress, but they mainly adopt planning coordination technology, without focusing on project risks. Risk analysis of engineering projects has also been applied to practice in China, such as the Three Gorges Project, Shanghai Metro Construction Project and Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station Project. From the above summary of domestic and foreign research, we can see that there is a big gap between China and western developed countries in terms of project risk management, both in theoretical research and practical application, and the level of China is still in the stage of introduction, absorption and digestion. In order to narrow the gap at home and abroad as soon as possible, and strive for a breakthrough and innovation, not only project managers in China are required to put forward a series of countermeasures directly aimed at the real project risk problems, but also economic management scientists are required to put forward a set of project risk management theories that are conducive to understanding the real problems, can solve the real problems and are suitable for China's national conditions, and at the same time require detailed empirical analysis of various historical and practical problems. It is some arduous tasks for theoretical researchers and actual managers of project risk management in China to test the scientificity of various theories and the effectiveness of various methods with rich and detailed empirical materials and continuously broaden the scope of application. Three. Problems and policy suggestions in China's project risk management. Project risk management refers to the scientific management method that project managers predict, identify, analyze, evaluate and effectively deal with the uncertainties that may lead to losses, so as to achieve maximum security at the lowest cost. The risk management of engineering projects takes observation, test and analysis of loss data as means, probability theory and mathematical statistics as mathematical tools, and system theory as scientific research method to study the possible risks of engineering projects in departments, schedules, costs, markets and other aspects, and seek the rules of risk control. Generally, the risk management process can be divided into four stages: risk identification, risk assessment, risk quantification and risk supervision. As can be seen from the above concepts, risk management emphasizes the active control of project objectives, and risks or interference factors encountered in the project process can be nip in the bud, thus avoiding and reducing losses. At present, the project management circles have listed risk management and target management as the two foundations of project management, and believe that only by organically combining the two can the objectives of construction project management be better realized. However, project risk management is still a weak link in China's construction field, and it is still a very important subject to strengthen project risk management and improve project risk resistance. (I) Problems in Project Risk Management First of all, as mentioned above, there is still a big gap in theoretical research and application between China and western developed countries in project risk management, and China's level is still in the stage of introduction, absorption and digestion. In today's era of globalization, the need of competition and the support of information technology promote the global development of engineering project management: the international cooperation of engineering projects is increasing day by day, and international professional activities are becoming more and more frequent. However, the internationalization level of China's project management needs to be improved. Second, the laws and regulations are not sound enough. Although China has promulgated the Guarantee Law and the Insurance Law, it is difficult to operate in practice due to the lack of specific provisions on construction projects. Although guarantee and insurance can effectively help enterprises to transfer risks and avoid risks, the insurance industry only bears the losses caused by pure natural disasters and accidents and transfers the risks of accidents and natural disasters. Article 48 of the Construction Law stipulates: "Construction enterprises must handle accidental injury insurance for employees engaged in dangerous operations and pay insurance premiums." According to this article, accident insurance for construction workers is compulsory, and the insured is a construction enterprise. This insurance is generally handled at the time of visa application. When a real industrial accident occurs, the enterprise considers the corporate image. As long as it doesn't cause serious impact, it basically adopts the way of "minimizing major issues and minimizing minor issues". At present, construction engineering insurance and installation engineering insurance have been introduced. Because the source of insurance cost is not clear, and the insurance clause stipulates that "the insurance shall be uniformly insured by the owner or main contractor", the insurance coverage rate of domestic engineering insurance is very low. Third, the means of risk identification and risk treatment are backward. Since the early 1960s, risk management technology has become an indispensable tool in modern engineering project management. When China introduced the theory and method of project management in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the theory and method of risk management could not be introduced in time because of the low management level and poor risk awareness at that time. It was not until the mid-1980s that the risk management theory was gradually introduced and applied to some large-scale civil engineering projects.

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