Geography elective 3 knowledge points

Geography Compulsory III Review Outline and Consolidation Exercises.

1.1 Basic Meaning of Regions

1, the concept of region: the spatial unit of the earth's surface, which is divided by people on the basis of geographic differences, according to certain indicators and methods.

2, the basic characteristics of the region: with certain boundaries, similarity and continuity within the region, the differences and interconnections between the region, and wholeness.

3, the spatial structure of the region: the relative position of the elements in the region and the form of spatial distribution. Agriculture is usually expressed in the form of surface, transportation routes are expressed in the form of lines and networks, cities and industries are expressed in the form of points, and urban agglomerations and industrial zones are expressed in the form of islands.

The main factor affecting regional spatial structure is the level of socio-economic development.

4, the industrial structure of the region: traditional agricultural regions and regions with a lower level of development, the proportion of the primary industry is relatively large; industrial regions or accelerated industrialization of the region, the proportion of the secondary industry is larger. In regions with a higher level of development, the proportion of the tertiary industry is larger, and the proportion of the output value of the three industries shows the pattern of "three, two, one".

1.2 Stages of Regional Development

1. Indicators of the level of regional development: Commonly used indicators include per capita GDP, per capita national income, and the proportion of output value of the three industries. The rest of the indicators such as the human development index (life expectancy, educational attainment and GDP)

2. Characteristics of each stage of development of the region

Stage of regional development Stage dominated by traditional agriculture Stage of industrialization Stage of highly efficient integrated development

Levels of economic development Low level, low per capita GDP Accelerated industrialization and urbanization High level. High level, high GDP per capita

Industrial structure Traditional agriculture occupies a large proportion, with resource-based and labor-intensive industries as the mainstay The proportion of the secondary industry is rising rapidly, and the tertiary industry is developing at an accelerated pace The tertiary industry is outgrowing the secondary industry, with capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries as the mainstay

Level of opening up to the outside world Low level, with a small scale of foreign trade, and self-sufficiency as the main characteristic. Gradual increase in the degree of openness to the outside world The degree of openness and external links have increased significantly

Transportation Modern transportation lines are few and sparse Transportation construction has been accelerated significantly, and modern transportation and information networks have been gradually perfected

Low level of urbanization, lack of large-scale central cities Central cities have developed at a rate higher than the regional average, with high levels and little intra-regional disparity

State of Development Low level of equilibrium Uneven growth High level of equilibrium

1.3 Differences in regional development

1. Differences between the east, center and west of China

①Division of the three major economic zones:

East: 12 provinces and regions along the coast (Liao, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Suzhou, Shanghai, Zheijiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Qiong and Gui) (Note: Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan are not included); Central 9 provinces and regions (black, Kyrgyzstan, Inner Mongolia, Jin, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan); 10 western provinces and regions (Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, New Zealand, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing, Tibet)

② East and the development of the central and western differences:

East: socio-economic development is relatively developed, industrialization, urbanization and science and technology education level is relatively high, and the pace of development is also faster than that of the central and western parts of the country. It has opened up to the outside world early and to a high degree, the secondary and tertiary industries are relatively developed, and the industrial structure is mainly light and mixed.

Central and western parts of the country: with a vast territory and abundant resources, the overall development level is significantly behind that of the western part of the country. The agricultural economy occupies a large proportion in the national economy. Industrial structure of the western part of the heavy traditional industries, the central part of the show some transitional characteristics.

③ Temporal and spatial differences in the reform and opening up (see textbook P19 figure)

2. North-South differences (the eastern monsoon zone is divided into the south and the north by the Qinling-Huaihe River)

North South

Regional features Spanning the warm temperate zone, the middle temperate zone, and the cold temperate zone, with a predominantly high plains and plateaus; rich in forests, coal, petroleum, and iron ore Mostly mountainous and hilly, with abundant heat, ample moisture, and non-ferrous metals. Abundant heat and water, non-ferrous minerals, biological resources, hydraulic resources, etc.

Constraints Insufficient water resources, serious soil erosion in the Loess Plateau Droughts and floods, environmental pollution, broken topography of mountainous and hilly areas

Development Direction Adjustment of the industrial structure, expanding openness to the outside world, and improving the ecological environment Upgrading of the industry, promotion of industrialization and urbanization, and pollution control

The development of the western region

3. p>3. Western Development

Scope: 10+2+3 (10 provinces and regions in the western belt, two autonomous regions in Inner Mongolia and Guangxi. Hunan Xiangxi, Hubei Enshi and Jilin Yanbian 3 Autonomous Prefectures also in accordance with the western development of the relevant policies to implement the development and opening up.

Conditions: minerals, oil and gas, water energy, land resources and other outstanding advantages, development potential. However, the western part of the infrastructure is backward, and there is a lack of talent, technology and capital.

Measures: improve infrastructure and ecological construction; accelerate the development of advantageous resources, the development of specialty industries; the development of science and technology education, expanding openness to the outside world.

Significance: transform resource advantages in the west into economic advantages, narrow the development gap between east and west, and promote the coordinated development of the regional economy; realize the ****same prosperity of all ethnic groups in the country, strengthen national unity, and maintain social stability and border security; expand domestic market demand; and implement the strategy of sustainable development.

1.4 Regional Economic Linkages

1. Two major trends in the world economy today: regional economic integration and economic globalization. (EU, ASEAN, APEC, etc.)

2. Cross-regional allocation of resources

①Significance: It is conducive to the rational allocation of resources, narrowing the regional economic gap, and realizing sustainable socio-economic development.

② South-to-North Water Transfer: planning for the east, middle and west of the three transfer lines, connecting the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River, Haihe River Basin, the formation of "four horizontal and three vertical" overall layout, to achieve the north-south deployment of China's water resources and the east-west mutual aid.

Eastern route Middle route Western route

Source of water transfer Near Yangzhou in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Han River Tongtian, Yalong, and Dadu Rivers in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River

Water transfer route Water is lifted northward along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to the Shandong Peninsula and Tianjin Dredging of canals to divert the water from the river to Beijing and Tianjin Digging of water tunnels to transfer water from the Yangtze River into the upper reaches of the Yellow River

Water transfer Larger Larger Smaller Large

Water quality Poor Better Best

③West-East Gas Pipeline: The main project is to lay a gas pipeline from the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang to Shanghai, and to transport natural gas from the Tarim Basin and the Shanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region to the Yangtze River Delta region. It also includes the transportation of natural gas from the Sichuan Basin to Hubei and Hunan. The construction of this project is conducive to promoting the development of the western region and pulling the economic development of the western region; easing the energy tension in the eastern region, improving the energy structure and effectively combating environmental pollution.

④Western Electricity Eastward Transmission: Developing the electric power resources (hydropower and coal power) of western provinces and regions such as Qinghai, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, etc., and transmitting them to the areas of Guangdong, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Beijing, Tianjin, etc., which are in short supply of electric power. It is divided into three lines: north, center and south. Significance: Ensure the energy supply in the eastern region, accelerate the development of resources in the west, and stimulate related industries.

⑤The impact of cross-regional deployment of resources on the environment. Take the South-to-North Water Transfer Project as an example, it will produce some ecological and environmental problems for both the transferring in and transferring out areas and the areas along the route.

3, industrial transfer

Reasons: ① Reduce costs: regional differences in the price of raw materials, wages and land price levels, utility costs, etc., leading to the transfer of industries to low-cost areas. ② develop markets ③ reduce internal transaction costs.

Impact: promote the economic development of less developed regions, narrowing regional differences. At the same time, it will also bring problems such as increased environmental pollution.

2.1 Ecological Problems

1, soil erosion problems

Typical areas in China: Loess Plateau, southern low hills

Causes: (1) natural causes: monsoon climate precipitation is concentrated, and more heavy rainfall; sparse surface vegetation; loess soil loose Loess Plateau).

(2) Man-made causes: destruction of vegetation; irrational farming system; mining.

Measures for governance: compression of agricultural land, expansion of forest and grass planting area; afforestation; comprehensive management of small watersheds.

The significance of governance: it is conducive to the adjustment of industrial structure according to local conditions, so that the comprehensive development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery can increase the income of farmers, promote the development of the local economy, improve the living conditions of farmers, and improve the quality of life; it is conducive to the improvement of the local ecological environment, and the establishment of benign ecosystems; the establishment of the ecological model of agriculture is conducive to the promotion of the ecological and economic sustainable development.

2. Desertification problem: land degradation due to climate change and human activities and other factors. According to the power is divided into wind erosion desertification, water erosion desertification, freezing and thawing desertification and soil salinization and other types.

(1) the causes of desertification in northwest China

Natural causes: arid climate, frequent gales, sparse vegetation, wind erosion is strong.

Man-made causes: rapid population growth, excessive environmental and ecological pressure; unreasonable production activities: indiscriminate cultivation and logging, overgrazing, excessive woodcutting, irrational use of water resources, etc., exacerbating the trend of desertification.

(2) Hazards: land degradation, agricultural and animal husbandry production reduction or even extinction; ecological deterioration, biodiversity reduction; damage to infrastructure construction; exacerbate the frequency and intensity of natural disasters such as sandstorms and dust storms.

(3) governance measures: ① create protection forests (Three North Protection Forest) ② return farmland to forests and grassland ③ protection and restoration of natural vegetation (sand ban, woodcutting and mining ban, ecological migration and other measures) ④ rational water use ⑤ control of population growth.

2.2 Development and Protection of Wetland Resources

1. Wetland: the water level is often close to the surface or the land covered by shallow water, belonging to the transition zone between land and water bodies. Types: rivers, lakes, marshes, mudflats, shallow seas with a depth of no more than 6 meters at low tide, mangrove forests, coral reefs, reservoirs, rice paddies and so on.

2, the function of wetlands: water conservation, water resources, flood control, climate regulation, landscaping, purification of water pollution, protection of biodiversity, shipping, tourism, providing agricultural and sideline products and minerals, energy and so on. There are "the kidney of the earth", "the cradle of life", "the paradise of birds" and so on.

3. Problems and Solutions in Wetland Utilization

Highlighted Problems Governance Measures

Decrease in wetland and degradation of function due to excessive reclamation and sedimentation Returning fields to lakes and fields to swamps to restore and rebuild wetlands; planting trees and forests to maintain soil and water.

The problem of water quality pollution is prominent Preventing and controlling water pollution

Indiscriminate hunting and over-exploitation and utilization have led to a drastic reduction of wetland biodiversity Protecting wild animals and plants, prohibiting indiscriminate hunting; establishing wetland nature reserves. Establish regulations to protect wetlands and enhance the awareness of protecting wetlands.

2.3 Comprehensive management and development of the watershed

1. Geography of the Tennessee River Basin: The Tennessee River originates from the western slope of the Appalachian Mountains, and is a second-tier tributary of the Mississippi River. The upper and middle reaches of the basin are mountainous hills, and the lower reaches are alluvial plains. The river has a large drop, and is rich in hydraulic resources. Is a subtropical monsoon humid climate, abundant precipitation, winter and spring precipitation is more, the river's main flood season in December to April.

2, the Tennessee River Basin development and governance measures: integrated development of water resources as the core of the river basin for the gradient development, flood control, navigation, power generation, irrigation and other integrated benefits; electric power industry as a leader, the establishment of energy-consuming industries as the backbone of the complete industrial system; the development of agriculture and forestry; pay attention to the protection of ecological environment and the construction of the development of tourism.

3, governance experience: ① set up a basin-wide specialized development agencies, sound regulations, improve management ② choose the focus of development according to local conditions, the formation of distinctive development model ③ continue to increase the development ④ improve the openness of the basin.

2.4 Sustainable development of regional agriculture

Geographic conditions of the northeast region

① Climate conditions: climate is the most difficult to transform the natural conditions of regional agricultural production.

② Terrain and soil conditions: provide the conditions for agricultural diversification;

black soil, black calcium soil is widely distributed, the soil layer is deep, the organic matter content is high, which is conducive to agricultural production.

③ Social and economic conditions: industry: China's important industrial base, agriculture and animal husbandry industry, **** promote agriculture and animal husbandry

Transportation: well-developed transportation, convenient external links, the development of export-oriented agriculture.

Late development, low population density, favorable to the development of green agriculture and large-scale agriculture.

Three mountain ranges and three plains: Sanjiang Plain, Songnen Plain, Liaohe Plain Xiao Xing'anling, Daxing'anling, Changbai Mountain

Features of Agricultural Layout

Cultivation Agricultural Area : Mainly distributed in the three major plains.

Forestry and Specialty Products Zone : Mainly distributed in the Great and Small Xing'an Mountains and Changbai Mountains.

Changbai Mountain area is China's main antler, ginseng and other precious medicinal materials production area, Yanbian production of apple pear. Liaodong low hills and peninsular hilly area is China's largest cocoon production area of sericulture. Liaonan is an important apple production area.

Livestock area: mainly distributed in the western plateau, the western Songnen Plain and part of the forested grasslands, is an important sheep, cattle, horses and livestock production base.

Hulunbeier City, Sanhe area: Sanhe cattle, Sanhe horses; western Songnen Plain: Northeast Red Bull

Northeast commercial grain base production characteristics

① large-scale mechanized production ② regional specialization

Agricultural development direction

Plains: the development of high-quality, specialized varieties adapted to the needs of the processing to improve product quality and competitiveness;

Speeding up the development of agricultural product processing industry, promoting the transformation of food, and extending the industrial chain;

Construction of green food base.

Western Grassland Region: vigorously develop ecological agriculture and shelter-feeding animal husbandry.

Mountainous area agriculture : Realize the transformation from raw material-based production to processing both raw materials and products.

2.5 Rational development of mineral resources

1, the main location conditions for the rise of the Ruhr area: ① rich in coal resources ② convenient land and water transportation ③ sufficient water ④ broad market and so on.

2, the reasons for the decline of the Ruhr area: ① the decline of the status of coal energy ② the impact of the new technological revolution ③ serious environmental pollution ④ single industrial structure.

3, the Ruhr area to implement the main measures of sustainable development: ① adjust the industrial structure, the development of new industries and tertiary industry ② centralized transformation of the original enterprises ③ control of environmental pollution ④ improve the infrastructure ⑤ the development of science and technology and higher education.

2.6 Regional Industrialization and Urbanization

Industrialization and Urbanization in the Pearl River Delta

1, the location factors for the development of the Pearl River Delta: ① Superior geographic location: the southern coast, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, and close to Southeast Asia ② Convenient land and water transportation ③ Open-door policy ④ A large number of overseas Chinese, which makes it easy to bring in capital and technology ⑤ Low-level terrain and abundant water supply

2. Urbanization of the Pearl River Delta

Phase Reasons for the formation of the urbanization process Characteristics of the urbanization process

In the early stage of reform and opening up to the development of small towns, the rapid development of industrial enterprises, the distribution of a wide range of labor-intensive dominated urban-rural integration, agriculture and non-agricultural industries mixed with urban-rural integration

After the middle of the 1990s The radiation-driven role of regional center cities (Guangzhou, Shenzhen), the rapid development of high-tech industries. Urban agglomeration system centered on the core city (Guangzhou)

3. The promotion of urbanization by industrialization: industrialization accelerated the concentration of non-agricultural industries into cities; industrialization accelerated the concentration of population into cities; industrialization accelerated the change of people's concepts and lifestyles.

4, the Pearl River Delta's industrialization and urbanization problems and countermeasures

Problems: ① the industrial structure of the low level, mainly labor-intensive industries, high-tech industries and services, the proportion of high-tech industries and service industry is not high, scientific and technological strength and talent are at a disadvantage ② the relative backwardness of the urban construction ③ the over-intensity of the towns and industries, the occupation of a large amount of arable land, and the ecological and environmental problems are becoming more and more serious.

Countermeasures: ①Promote the integration and upgrading of industries and strengthen the regional division of labor ②Improve the urban and rural spatial structure ③Promote the development of regional infrastructure network ④Strengthen the ecological construction, and improve the urban and rural environment ⑤Strengthen the inter-regional economic linkages and cooperation, and the development of the Pan-Pearl River Delta Economic Zone.

The process of promoting industrialization and urbanization in Jiangsu Province

Problems

1 Urbanization lags behind industrialization.

2 Industrial development generates environmental problems.

3 Problems arising from decentralized industrial development in townships.

4 The size of the city is relatively shrinking

5 The advantages of the city are not prominent, the characteristics of the city is not obvious, is not conducive to radiation and drive the development of the surrounding area.

6 Lack of mega-cities.

The idea of urbanization construction

1 Accelerate the realization of "urban modernization, rural urbanization, urban-rural integration".

2 Break the administrative division under the old system.

3 Appropriately develop megacities, accelerate the development of large cities, actively and rationally develop small and medium-sized cities, and focus on cultivating central towns.

Major measures to promote industrialization and urbanization

1 Adjustment of administrative divisions.

2 Developing city clusters and building three major "city circles".

3 Industrial development to promote the construction of small towns.

4 The interests of peasants moving into cities are protected by institutions and policies.

3.1 Geographic Information System (GIS) and its applications

1. Geographic Information System (GIS): to collect, store, manage, analyze and describe. Composed of five parts: hardware, GIS software, geographic data, GIS personnel, application model. Workflow: geographic data input, storage (digitization process) → geographic data manipulation and analysis → geographic information output. (Geographic data is divided into attribute data and graphic data. (Geographic data is divided into attribute data and graphic data. Data storage adopts "layering" technology, where different layers store different map elements).

2, geographic information systems and urban management (omitted)

3.2 Remote Sensing (RS): a detection technology, with the help of electromagnetic wave-sensitive instruments on the surface of the object to carry out long-distance perception. Remote sensing technology system consists of a remote sensing platform, sensors, information transmission and reception devices, digital or image processing equipment. According to the different means of transportation, it is divided into aerospace remote sensing, aviation remote sensing and near-earth remote sensing. Workflow: objects radiate and reflect electromagnetic waves (spectral characteristics) → sensor collection → transmission and reception → information processing, information analysis → application results. Advantages of modern remote sensing: wide field of view, large monitoring range, instantaneous imaging, real-time transmission, rapid processing, rapid access to information and implementation of dynamic monitoring. Uses: used for resource census, environmental monitoring, disaster early warning, military reconnaissance and other features change analysis.

Types Concept Advantages

Aerospace remote sensing Remote sensing using satellites, space shuttles, spacecrafts, space stations, etc. carrying remote sensing instruments Coverage of a large area, not subject to airspace limitations,

Can be repeated irregular observations, etc.

Aerospace remote sensing Remote sensing using aircraft carrying remote sensing instruments. Strong mobility, high resolution

Near-Earth Remote Sensing Remote sensing within a few tens of meters of the ground height High resolution, small range

3.3 Global Positioning System (GPS): an all-encompassing, real-time, three-dimensional navigation and positioning system on a global scale. It consists of three main components: GPS satellite constellation, ground monitoring system, user system (receiving equipment). there are three kinds of GPS signal receivers: navigation receivers, geodetic receivers, timing receivers. Characteristics: omnipotence (land, sea, aviation and space), global, all-weather, continuity, real-time. Application areas: military, transportation, post and telecommunications, mining, construction, agriculture, meteorology, land management, finance, public security, crustal movement monitoring, project management, tourism and adventure, etc..

3.3 Digital Earth: Digital Earth refers to the digitized Earth, that is, the entire Earth information is digitized by the computer network to manage the technical system. Digital Earth is a virtual counterpart of the Earth.