How did slavery come about?

Slavery generally originated from prisoners of war, natives of occupied areas, debtors and criminals, but also from people trafficked into the slave market from places such as Africa. Slavery generally occurs in agricultural societies.　The most typical form of slavery in ancient times was the Roman Empire, in addition to slavery in Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Babylon, China prior to the Zhou Dynasty, the American South prior to the Civil War, and a number of former British, French, and Russian colonies. However, is slavery a necessary stage for any people in any region? This view is still controversial.　　Slavery arose from a system of what was then considered legal ownership and control by one person over another under socio-economic conditions that produced a surplus product. In a typical slave society, slaves are legally recognized as the private property of their owners, who have the power of life and death over them and can enslave, buy, sell and kill them at will. Slaves had no independent personality, no freedom and no rights, and their descendants remained slaves for generations. Early slaves came mainly from foreign prisoners of war. Custom prohibited members of the tribe from enslaving other members. Later, after the establishment of the system whereby people outside the tribe could serve as slaves, sometimes members of the tribe were enslaved, but often as a punishment, such as indebted people who were unable to pay their debts and those who were convicted to serve a sentence. According to the British sociologist Hobhouse, slavery did not exist in the early stages of cultural evolution, such as in the lower hunting tribes. Slaves could be used effectively only when technology developed to the point where a laborer could produce more surplus wealth than he himself needed, so the emergence of slavery was often confined to a fairly advanced agricultural society.　　Origins of slavery Slaves generally came from prisoners of war, aborigines of occupied regions, debtors and criminals, and also from people trafficked into the slave market from places such as Africa. Slavery generally occurs in agricultural societies.　　China China's history does not have the slaves of Western history; slaves in China had a personal dependency with their masters, but also had a legal personality, and although it is said that the legal personality of a slave cannot be compared to that of a good person or master, a good person or master is still legally responsible for killing a slave, unlike in the West where it is only seen as a trespass against property.　　Since in ancient China, agricultural and industrial production was dominated by subsistence farmers and free craftsmen, and slaves were not used in large numbers in economic life, there are some people who believe that the so-called slave society did not exist in China, for example, scholars such as Huang Xianfan and Zhang Guangzhi, etc. In 1979, Prof. Huang Xianfan published an article entitled "Discussion on the absence of a slave society in China's national history." The article pointed out that "I firmly believe that there is no slave society in our country. The article pointed out: "I firmly advocate that there is no slave society in our history, not for the Han Chinese, and not for the vast majority of the ethnic minorities" .... Greece and Rome in Europe changed from a clan-based society to a slave society, it is not the law of human social development, the world's general rule, but a historical exception. After the article was published, it was supported by Zhang Guangzhi, Hu Zhongda, Shen Changyun and others. And there are more and more advocates." ... (1) As Prof. Zhang Guangzhi, former president of Qinghai Normal University, clearly stated, "..... The relaxed academic environment of the new period of reform and opening up has prompted some scholars to resolve to re-conceptualize and review the issue of the staging of ancient Chinese history from the root, i.e., does a stage of development of a slave society exist in Chinese history or not? If it does not exist at all, there are still arguing about China's slave society and feudal society between the staging, limit, is not ridiculous! Scholars in the new period who advocate the theory that there was no stage of development of slave society in China include Huang Xianfan, Zhang Guangzhi, Hu Zhongda, Shen Changyun, Chao Fulin, etc..." (Zhang Guangzhi, "Seventy Years of Discussion on the Staging of Ancient Chinese History", just as Prof. Zhao Guangxian pointed out in his article in the fifth issue of 1986 of Knowledge of Literature and History: .... It is now being taken seriously again, and the number of advocates seems to be increasing, with a kind of diffuse combustion. On the contrary the 'Chinese Slave Society Theory' has few and fewer proponents, lacks novelty, and is vigorously challenged by its deniers."　　There were many types of slaves in China, with very different causes, and the general trend was to weaken the personal dependence of slaves from the Zhou Dynasty onwards, but it was not until the founding of the Republic of China that the existence of slaves was legally eliminated.　　During the Xia, Shang, Zhou and Qin Dynasties, slaves were mostly created in wars, where civilians captured from the enemy became slaves, or were relegated to slavery for crimes, and there were official slaves and private slaves. During the Han Dynasty, slaves were mainly created from the private property formed by land annexation, in addition, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the people, to escape from the war, defected to the large estate owners and also became private property. During the Han and Tang dynasties, there was a clear distinction between the good and the bad in the law, such as the ministry (a kind of slaves) to beat and injure the good man to death, the good man to kill his own ministry, ministry of the guilty regardless of the ministry of the innocent ministry of the sentence and can be exempted from the use of money. If a person commits treason, the whole family or even the whole clan will be sentenced to death as government slaves. Before the Song Dynasty, those who were employed for a long period of time had a status lower than that of a good person, and they were also a kind of slaves. From the Song Dynasty onwards, the master-slave relationship formed by the employment relationship was no longer regarded as the same as the relationship between good and lowly people. In practice, however, the phenomenon of private slavery existed in large numbers, although it was legally prohibited, as was the sale of good people into slavery. During the Yuan Dynasty, official slaves were prevalent because the Mongols themselves practiced slavery. Slavery was abolished in the Qing dynasty during the Yongzheng period.　　Untouchability in ancient China was different from slavery. Musicians, craftsmen, pallbearers, dentists, prostitutes, and even soldiers in the Song Dynasty were legally untouchables, but they were not slaves. It can be said that slaves were only one type of untouchables.　　Before 1959, serfdom and slavery were practiced in Tibet. The serfs and slaves, who accounted for 95% of the Tibetan population, were divided into three classes, including the chai-pa, the dung-poor and the lang-sheng. The chappa and the dungpoor were serfs with no personal freedom and could not leave their lords at will. Rangsang are slaves who work for the serf-owner completely free of charge and are the serf-owner's private property.　　In 1959, the Chinese People's **** and State Government carried out democratic reforms in Tibet and abolished serfdom.