Briefly describe the common exposure methods in toxicological evaluation, and their advantages and disadvantages.

Gastric perfusion, intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous injection and intramuscular injection. The first three are used more. Acute toxin is selected from mice, which are generally injected intravenously and administered via tail vein. Rats were selected for short-term acute toxicity test (14 days or 28 days), and most rats were gavaged. Long-term toxicity is mostly caused by beagle dogs, and of course monkeys. The key is whether this drug has the value of development.

Advantages and disadvantages: each has its own strengths, and the specific situation is analyzed.

Generally, if you choose to give drugs by gavage, the safe range of this drug dose is relatively large. Of course, it can also be given intravenously, but it is very toxic. If you want to see the long-term changes of the body (relative 14 or 28 days), it may not be appropriate to detect biochemical indexes such as liver, kidney and blood.

Secondly, the decision of drug dosage form. If the solubility of drugs is not good enough, such as suspension, it is not suitable for intravenous administration. Sometimes the dosage form of drugs determines the mode of administration.

Abdominal injection: Advantages: For mice, the administration volume can be relatively larger than that of tail vein injection, up to 1ml. Secondly, the operation is simple and quick (compared with the tail vein, it takes a while to learn, while ip (abbreviation for intraperitoneal injection) can be learned immediately).

Advantages of intravenous injection: specific dosage, quick and insufficient body response. Compared with rats, repeated administration is not feasible compared with gavage. Imagine whether 28 days of tube feeding is simple tube feeding or 28 days of continuous tail vein injection. It is estimated that after 28 days, the mouse tail, hehe, is a pinhole. Make sure they don't hit the subcutaneous area every time, otherwise the skin will turn pale and blood vessels will be difficult to find next time. Generally, tail vein acute poison is given every other day, one of the purposes is to reduce the number of injections.

Subcutaneous and intramuscular injection contact is less, but there are also some. Look at the use of drugs, such as burns, skin external use.

I hope I can help you. Some statements may be biased and limited by personal knowledge.