What are the theories of criminology?

What are the theories of criminology ah 10 points

The earliest is the theory of the natural born criminal of Lombroso, he is the originator of the crime, and then his three disciples, the specific work so the name I gave to forget, the "Italian three masters", Beccaria, although it is the originator of criminal law, his theory also involves a lot of criminological problems, and then appear Very theory, and sociological theory combined. Specifically I will not say comprehensive!

What are the theories of Western criminology

The main theories are: rational choice theory, the biological theory of crime, the psychological theory of crime, the theory of social learning, the theory of social modeling, the theory of social control, the theory of labeling, the theory of conflict and critical criminology, the theory of social support, the theory of integrative criminology

Criminology, is a discipline that focuses on the study of the phenomenon of crime. a discipline that focuses on the phenomenon of crime. It is also broadly defined as specializing in the search for the actual causes of criminal behavior, in order to provide a means of mitigating the impact of criminal behavior on society.

What are the theories of criminology Prevention of juvenile delinquency

Adolescents are mentally immature. Adolescents are a stage between childhood and adulthood, and the characteristics of this period are mainly manifested as follows: psychological instability, intuitive and superficial understanding of social phenomena, easy to be influenced by others, and poor ability to resist temptation; when dealing with problems, the lack of calm thinking and rational analysis, and are prone to go to extremes, forming erroneous conclusions and leading to wrong behaviors. In addition, adolescence is also a period of physiological development in life, and the development and maturation of physical functions will have a profound impact on adolescents' psychology, emotions, behavior and other aspects. Especially the physiological maturity and psychological maturity of the asynchrony, resulting in psychological and physiological development of the imbalance, thus forming a juvenile delinquency physiological factors.

Introduction of criminology

Criminology is a discipline that takes the phenomenon of crime as its object of study. In China's mainland, regardless of the theoretical research or the scope of the actual operation, criminology is subordinate to law, belongs to the direction of criminal jurisprudence. Criminology as an independent discipline, in foreign countries has been more than a hundred years of history. In China, the formation of criminology as an independent discipline began in the early 1980's. The establishment of the China Criminology Research Association in April 1992 marked the entry of criminological research in China into a new stage of development. At present, China's economy is developing rapidly, and during this period, various criminal activities have become negative factors and destructive forces for deepening reform and opening up. Major criminal offenses, such as financial crimes, drug crimes, gangs and triad organizations, etc., have appeared new features and have a tendency to become further serious, so it can be said that it is urgent to strengthen the research of criminological theories and the cultivation of criminological professionals. At the same time, with the further in-depth development of reform and opening-up, new changes will occur in all kinds of crimes, new features will appear and new forms of crime will emerge. This also puts forward many deeper research topics for the theoretical study of criminology.

The main theories of criminological sociology

Western criminological sociology has formed a variety of different theories around the issue of the causes of crime, the main ones are: In 1939 by the American scholar E.H. Sutherland. He believed that people are not born with criminal and other abnormal behaviors, but learn them through following different interactions. A person learns to commit crimes through a process of cultural transmission as a result of frequent and close interactions with individuals or groups of individuals who have a tendency to commit crimes. The likelihood of committing a crime depends on his age, the intensity of his contact with others, and the ratio of contact with law-abiding and law-breaking individuals. Western scholars also explain criminal behavior in terms of social conflict, and so on. The sociology of crime in the Soviet Union affirmed that social factors are the main cause of juvenile delinquency and worked to propose specific preventive measures.

What criminology is about

Criminology, is a discipline that takes the phenomenon of crime as its object of study. It also includes, in a broader sense, a specialization in finding the actual causes of the emergence of criminal behavior, in order to provide a way to mitigate the impact of criminal behavior on society. The related study of crime also publishes society's and ****'s standards and reactions to crime. Criminology belongs to the behavioral sciences, with a particular focus on the sociological and psychological dimensions, as does law and jurisprudence. In 1885, the Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo coined the term "criminology" (or "criminologia" in Italian), and around the same time the French anthropologist Topinard (1904-1992) coined the term "criminology". Paul Topinard, an anthropologist, first applied criminology in France (i.e., "criminologie" in French).

The crime and the offender as a whole to analyze and synthesize the study, explore the causes of crime and its laws, called criminology, that is, criminology in the narrow sense. The study of the causes of crime and its laws, in order to effectively deal with and prevent crime, and thus have to seek the corresponding and effective crime countermeasures, for the purpose of the study is called criminal policy. Criminology in the broad sense includes the theory of the causes of crime and the theory of crime countermeasures. Criminology in the United Kingdom and the United States mainly from the broad sense, scholars in European countries from the narrow sense, Japanese scholars do not commonly used criminology and the term criminology, tends to be broadly defined.

In China's mainland, regardless of the theoretical research or the scope of the actual operation, criminology is subordinate to law, is the direction of criminal jurisprudence.

What are the theoretical schools of criminal psychology

(1) biological theories of crime;

(2) psychological theories of crime;

(3) sociological theories of crime;

(4) personality theories;

(5) behaviorist theories;

(6) social learning theory;

(7) Cognitive and moral development theories.

What elements of criminology can be applied to life

. Statistical theory applied to criminological research, the first Italian criminologist Filippi

Through the early years of French criminal statistics and Italian prisons, psychiatric hospitals, Filippi put forward his theory of criminal classification. Fili classified criminals into five categories: ① Born criminals. Refers to the kind of Longborough shuttle that he thought he had identified the genetic type of each generation ② psychiatric criminals. Refers to "a person who suffers from a clinical form of mental illness that is recognized even by our current criminal law." (iii) Chance offender. Also known as an "opportunity offender", this refers to "a person who, without any inherent or acquired criminal tendency, commits a crime because he is unable to withstand the temptations of his personal situation as well as the natural and social environment." *** Offenders. ④ *** Offenders. This class of offenders are generally persons who have been well behaved in the past, have normal moral qualities, are polygamous and are easily agitated and over-sensitive. ⑤ Habitual offender. It is a person who commits crimes because of the habits he has developed in a bad social environment. In addition, Philly explains the difference between "natural born criminals" and "accidental criminals" and "*** criminals" in terms of the causes of their formation, but at the same time emphasizes that the criteria for the classification of various kinds of criminals are relative. But at the same time, it is emphasized that the criteria for the classification of offenders are relative and differ only in degree and pattern.

2. Ternary theory of the causes of crime. Through the analysis of the French crime statistics, Philly expanded the theory of the cause of crime of Lombroso, and in the "study of crime in France during the period of 1826-1878" article, the first time to make a generalization of its cause of crime ternary theory. Philly summarized the human causes of crime into three aspects, namely anthropological factors (personal factors), natural factors, and social factors: ① Anthropological factors. Including the physical condition, psychological condition, and personal condition of criminals. ② Natural factors of crime. It refers to climate, soil condition, relative length of day and night, seasons, average temperature and meteorological conditions and agricultural conditions. (iii) Social factors of crime. It includes population density, public * * * * opinion, public * * * * attitude, religion, family situation, educational system, industrial situation, alcoholism, economic and political situation, public * * * administration,,, general legislative situation, civil and criminal legal system. In addition, on the theory of the causes of crime, Philly also pointed out that: first, the factors are interconnected, crime is the result of the interaction of the factors; second, the three factors in the process of the natural formation of crime, for different types of offenders have their own different relative roles; third, the decisive role of the three factors is the social factors.

3. The law of crime saturation{. The law of crime saturation is Philly in chemistry in the law of saturation inspired by his study of crime statistics. Around the statistical data to justify the "law of crime saturation" includes the following: ① a certain natural, social factors under the role of the phenomenon of crime is absolute, in general, the number of crimes to remain relatively stable, when the number of crimes mainly determined by a factor to reduce the number of crimes, the number of crimes determined by another factor will increase; in the case of famine, In times of famine, economic crisis, and other unusual circumstances, the original pattern of fluctuation is shaken, resulting in a brief period of "crime oversaturation. ② When the individual factor is placed in the context of the whole society, its change is so weak as to be negligible, and the natural factor itself does not have regularity, so the only thing that determines the cyclical change of crime is the social factor. ③ Although crime shows the phenomenon of cyclical fluctuations, but along with the changes in the social environment, crime shows a cyclical growth trend.

What are the differences between positivist criminology and classical criminology

The differences between the classical school of criminology and the positivist school of criminology are mainly embodied in the following aspects:

A. Differences in research methods

(a) The classical school uses the method of discursive and deductive approach to the study of theoretical ideas proposed by the Enlightenment thinkers or even earlier thinkers As a major premise, using the logical thinking method of trinitarianism, deduce the irrationality and injustice of the legislative provisions and judicial practices of the time, and deduce their own conclusions or views; whereas the positivist school adopts the empirical (empirical) method and the inductive method to take the actual existence of the objective facts as the basis of the theory, and generalize their own viewpoints from the investigation and study of the objective facts. Just as Philly said, "For us, experimentation (i.e. induction) is the key to all knowledge; for the classical school, everything is derived from logical deduction and traditional ideas. For them, facts should give way to trivium (deduction); for us, facts are decisive, and no inference can be made without knowledge. For them, science requires only paper, pen, and ink; the rest comes from a brain filled with a great deal of book knowledge, and those books are produced in the same way. For us, science requires a long period of testing facts one by one, evaluating them, obtaining their ****same characteristics, and extracting from them the central concepts. For them, the deductive or anecdotal method is sufficient to disprove a large number of facts gathered through years of observation; for us, the reverse is true."

(ii) The classical school advocates free will theory, which holds that everyone has free will and that criminal behavior is the result of an individual's free-will choice, while the positivist school advocates determinism, which recognizes that there is causal determinism in all things and that criminal behavior is determined by certain factors rather than being the result of a purely individual free choice. Philly points out that "the classical school and the general public believe that crime contains moral guilt, because offenders who turn their backs on morality and go astray are chosen by individual free will, and should therefore be sanctioned with appropriate penalties, which is by far the most popular conception of crime. ...... On the contrary, positivist criminology asserts that criminals do not commit crimes of their own volition; to become a criminal, a person must place himself, permanently or temporarily, in such a human material and mental state and live in the kind of chain of causality that drives him to crime, both internally and externally. This, I think, is my conclusion, and the method of study by which our positivist criminology differs radically from or is opposed to the classical school in its main principles." 2 (c) The classical school used a legal definition of crime; while the positivists did not use a legal definition of crime, they either created new explicit concepts and definitions of crime, e.g., Garofalo's "natural crime", or they did not propose an explicit definition of crime, but used the term crime in a more vague way, including all acts that are harmful to society as crimes. The term "crime" is used more vaguely to include all behaviors that are harmful to society.

Second, the differences in the basic theory (a) the two schools of thought on the "human" assumptions are different. The classical school of crime believes that everyone has free will, the school advocates that people have from reason to understand the society of right and wrong, good and evil, in order to make their behavior in line with social norms and social morality, that is, the assumption of the rational man; criminal empirical school of crime believes that the rational man assumptions is an unfounded fictional myth that human behavior is subject to physiological, psychological and other personal and social reasons*** with the role of the outcome, people are based on practical experience in society, and social reasons*** with the role of the human being, the human being is based on practical experience in society, the human being is based on practical experience in society, the human being is not the same. , man is an empirical man who starts from social practical experience, inner experience and personal preference. (ii) The two schools of thought have different values. The classical school of criminology believes that freedom of the will and rationality are the basis of human nature, so that man can at all times only serve as an end in itself and not primarily as a means to achieve other ends. This resulted in the liberal and individual-oriented worldview of the classical school of criminology. The empirical school of criminology, on the other hand, because of its denial of man's freedom of will and its focus on the serious threat to society posed by criminals with antisocial personalities, naturally focuses its protection on the society victimized by crime. (c) The two schools of thought differ in their identification of the object of evaluation of criminal law. The classical school of criminology is based on the position of objectivism, which holds that every criminal is a rational person with free will, and that criminal acts are initiated by his or her subjective meanings; therefore, the social harm formed by the acts and results should be the object of evaluation of criminal law. And criminal positivism The perpetrator himself should be the object of punishment. The school of famous scholars Lester put forward "should be punished is not behavior, but behavior ......

What is the use of the Crystal Wand?

The crystal wand is the main weapon of the mage, it is added back to the blue, equipped with each time back to the blue 13 points.