What kind of emperor was Yongzheng?

The Yongzheng Emperor was as diligent in politics as the Kangxi Emperor. The descendants collected his reign in the 13 years Zhu approved the folders have 360 volumes. During Yongzheng's reign, he "preceded the world with diligence" and "was vigilant in the face of Qianxian".

Historical evaluation

The Qing Historical Manuscripts: "Sheng Zu's government is still lenient and benevolent, Shizong to strict and clear following. The commentators compared to the Han's Wen and Jing. The only Kong Huai's friendship, suspected of not yet complete. However, the violent coup in Huainan, there are self-inflicted blame, not all out of the Emperor's little grace. The emperor to study the way of governance, especially suffering under the fatigue of the mandarins. A close minister said that the state and county income, it is appropriate to determine the pick. Reprimanded said: 'You have not been state county, evil to know the difficulty of the state county?' To the words, can be said to know the political importance of carry on!

Successive evaluations

Kang Xi Emperor: "Prince of Yong, the fourth son of Yin Zhen, noble character, deep Xiao my own."

Qing clan, historian Zhaolian said: "Xian Huang reigned thirteen years, day and night worry, no earth and wood, sound and color of entertainment. I heard the Secretary for Internal Affairs Guanyu said, check the old file, Yongzheng only special wind, clouds, thunder, rain four shrines, in order to pray for rain and sunshine outside, the first no special building a Palace for the tour. Therefore, at that time, the state treasury, the people rich, good to also."

PuLanDeBaiKe: "the control of the Royal talent, the beauty of the article, but also praised more than, and its approval of the folding of the ministers, especially interesting, the oracle, ocean thousands of words, leaning on the pen on the matter of fact, can be said to be very talented carry! "

French missionary Du Heder commented: "Although the Yongzheng Emperor rarely acted like a Catholic supporter, but can not be praised for his tireless enthusiasm for political affairs, he is in order to the world's happiness and well-being of the people of the world hundred day and night dedicated to the reform of the political malpractice. The greatest pleasure you can bring to the Yongzheng Emperor is to propose to him a good plan to improve the welfare of the people and ease the pressure of their lives; he will strive at all costs to put this plan into practice as soon as possible. He instituted a series of policies that promoted virtue and rewarded good deeds, which led to his ministers following the example of the Yongzheng Emperor (who was frugal) in order to help the people in years of famine. These excellent qualities made the Yongzheng Emperor gain the support and love of the whole country in the shortest possible time."

Voltaire, the famous French thinker, commented, "The new emperor, Yongzheng, surpassed his father in his love of the law and the public good. No one among the emperors spared more effort to encourage farming than he did. He attached great importance to this indispensable to the national livelihood of the first of the hundred arts. Peasants in all provinces were selected as the most industrious, capable, filial and fraternal by the chief officials of their prefectures and counties, and they could even be appointed as officials of the eighth rank. A peasant for an official need not for this reason give up his already fruitful farming and turn to criminal money and grain, which he does not understand."

Qui Nai: The Kangxi Emperor's successor (Yongzheng) enacted a variety of regulations, all of which helped to establish respect for the peasantry. In addition to setting an example by plowing and sowing his own fields, he ordered the governors of the cities to select every year in their districts outstanding peasants who were diligent in cultivation, honest and upright, and possessed excellent managerial qualities, and to increase their rank to the eighth rank, with a high reputation and commensurate privileges."

Famous Chinese history expert Shi Jingqian commented: "Yongzheng's father, Kangxi, for the loose governance, the end of the reign by the dispute between the reserves and the disturbed and the typical long-lived emperors degradation of the ability to rule the phenomenon, Yongzheng, at the beginning of the reign of the Qing dynasty has surfaced in the bureaucratic organization of the inflated corruption and the deterioration of the standard of living of the peasants of the crisis; due to Yongzheng's reign was in the political experience, spirit and Because Yongzheng was at a stage of political experience, spiritual and personal maturity (45 years old), he was able to analyze the problem accurately and respond to it with courage. His reforms involved a combination of reorganization and compromise with reality (e.g., the return of fire to the public coffers and the pension of honesty and integrity)."

Inaba Junshan, a modern Japanese scholar and expert on Qing history, said, "After the emperor inherited Kangxi's sparse section of the broad eye, he cleaned up a little, and then created the foundation of the Qing dynasty's finances. To the future of the period of financial prosperity, the emperor is also given. Such as farming, Kangxi for the reclamation, Yongzheng for the planting, and Qianlong to harvest."

Chinese historian, Qing history expert Xiao Yishan said: "Shizong just perseverance, purely politicians of style, any law is still clean, the officials clarified, the treasury is abundant, the sea and the righteousness of peace. If the year Ke Yong, can change a positive nature for our country's politics, sweeping away hundreds of years of dawdling and inaction of the negative thinking, the community will not be stagnant and do not progress carry forward. However, the night is not too late, seeking to rule too eagerly, not easy to get the understanding of the community, and thus led to the legend of the violent collapse." "Shizong rule of the country talent unique high, according to the name of the responsibility for the truth, the letter of the reward will be punished, good name to rule, in the country's merit, to the reign of Jingdi Wenjing metaphor."

Meng Sen, a historian in the late Qing Dynasty, said, "Since ancient times, there has been no ruler as diligent as Shizong." "to the saint ancestor sons, all no Yu teach, only the reign of the Shizong, the talent is only high, good name to rule, in the country's achievements. The blessing of heaven is clear and thick, and the great cause of the appropriate fall into the hands of this person, although there are doubts about the succession of things, but also not lost for the Tang Zong of the adverse to take the obedience to the guard also."

Famous Qing history research expert Feng Erkang said: "Yongzheng himself is as a contribution to the development of China's history of the monarch, and Yongzheng dynasty, the upper bearing Kangxi, the lower start of the rule of Qianlong, so that the Kangxi, Yongqian three dynasties continue to develop, become the heyday of the Qing dynasty. What's more, Yongzheng was determined to remove the centuries-old evils left behind by history, and the implementation of the policy of "Ding Ding Into Mu", which successfully solved the problem of population tax in ancient Chinese history, was a great innovation. The implementation of the policy of returning the envy to the public and the policy of raising clean silver has the significance of modern financial budget and financial management. In ancient history, the Tang dynasty, Liu Yan implementation of the two tax law, the Ming dynasty, Zhang Juzheng implementation of a whip law, very much to the praise of the people, Yongzheng's economic policy, more than they have ever been worse. Unified view of Yongzheng's historical position, he should be the outstanding emperor in ancient history."

Qing history expert Yang Qiqiao said: "Kangxi wide, Qianlong sparse broad, if not for Yongzheng's rectification, I am afraid that the Qing dynasty has long been in decline." "It is said that the Qing dynasty has been in decline for a long time. "" Some people say that he Xiong guessed the shadowy, whether or not, but in the reign of thirteen years, night and day, hard work in the government is indeed the fact that there is a certain contribution to politics, but too short a period of time, sudden death, leaving unfinished tasks; even if it has already been implemented, due to the "death of the government interest Even if it has been implemented, due to "the people died and the government is not resting", but also caused the abuses. As the posthumous edict said: 'voluntary unfinished, not without slight regret'. If he was as long-lived as his father, Kangxi, and lived eleven more years, the political situation would have been different; if he was as long-lived as his son, Qianlong, and lived for thirty-one more years, the political changes would have been great, not to mention - to exaggerate, perhaps thus changing the destiny of China thereafter, which is also determinable."

Japanese scholar of Oriental history, Dr. Zuo Bo Fu: "Proverb that 'the foundation of the dynasty is laid in the third generation', Yongzheng emperor is the third generation of monarchs after the entry of the Qing dynasty, the foundation of the Qing dynasty for more than two hundred years of the stone, that is, Yongzheng was laid."

Lin Ruihan: "Yongzheng reign of thirteen years, strict and clear investigation, the responsibility of the real, rectify the rule of officials, clean up the financial, greatly corrected since the Kangxi indulgence of the drawbacks, Yongzheng a dynasty of officials clear, the ministers do not abide by the law, the rule of officials is the most of the Qing dynasty, all generations only see."

Yang Zhen, an expert on Qing history, said, "The Yongzheng emperor reigned for only 13 years, but he was through a series of bold reforms, quickly reversed the late Kangxi period of serious ills, the social development of the situation was prevented. On this basis, the Kangxi and Qianlong Sheng Shi can enter the heyday, so that the traditional Chinese society's political, economic and cultural to reach its peak. This century-long historical process, the Yongzheng emperor has the role of precedence and initiation, indispensable. If you look at it from the perspective of a relatively short reign, but the building of more, the achievements of the great and no less than other historical monarchs, Yongzheng Emperor is more difficult."

Famous historian Guo Fuxiang said, "The Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing Dynasty is a legendary figure in history, and his outstanding talent, strong character, legendary political career and contradictory ideas have left a deep impression on people."

Feng Zuozhe, a researcher at the Institute of History at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said, "Emperor Yongzheng was a brilliant pragmatic politician."

Liu Guilin: "The talent demonstrated by Qing Shizong's early administration was extraordinary, and his excessive energy, diligence and competence were also beyond the reach of ordinary people."

Famous historian and sociologist Nan Huaijin said: "Eighty years after the Qing Dynasty entered the country and settled down, there was a literary words and chapters are no less than any Hanlin scholar; talk about Zen said, no less than the Zen master of the Yongzheng Emperor. His way of governance, so that people do not dare to deceive, but also can not be deceived. Inside the purge of power and nobility, do not avoid affinity. Outwardly, he set up the rules and regulations, like the scorching sun. With this way of governance, of course, the internal and external order can be maintained and no one dares to compete with him. He is the real laying of the Qing dynasty, paid to the children and grandchildren good manager. Can really be regarded as a generation of wizards in the successive emperors who set the tripod to keep the success of a generation of professional emperors, one of the only one."

Famous historian Yi Zhongtian said: "He is mean is really mean, but not oligarchic; cold is really cold, but not ruthless. Yongzheng a dynasty of no official not clear, perhaps exaggerated a little, but Yongzheng governance of the fair evaluation. Yongzheng is undoubtedly an extremely personalized person, is also an outstanding character. He was emotional, strong-willed, stalwart, sharp-eyed, and spirited."

The Japanese also respected and honored Emperor Yongzheng, referring to him as the "Hsi Shi Ren Jun".

Aisin Gioro Yinzhen (December 13, 1678 - October 8, 1735), the Qing Emperor, the fifth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the third emperor after the capital was set in Beijing, the Mongolian honorific name Nayarltutob Khan. The fourth son of Emperor Kangxi, his mother was Empress Xiaogongren, or De Fei Wu Ya, born in the Forbidden City's Yonghe Palace in Beijing.

Kangxi thirty-seven years (1698) beile; KangXi forty-eight years (1709) Yinzhen was named Prince of Heshuo Yong. After the second abolition of Prince Yinreng, Yin Zhen actively operated to fight for the throne, Kangxi sixty-one years (1722) November 13, Kangxi Emperor in the northern suburbs of Changchunyuan died of illness, he inherited the throne, the following year to change the name of the year Yongzheng. During his reign, the Yongzheng Emperor reorganized the institutions and made a series of reforms to the rule of officials. For example, in order to strengthen the rule of the Southwest minority, the implementation of land reclassification. And vigorously reorganize finances, the implementation of the consumption of envy to the public, the establishment of the pension silver system, and so on. In particular, the Yongzheng seven years (1729) troops to Qinghai, pacify the rebellion of Luo Buzang Danjin. Yongzheng dynasty, rectify the official rule, the creation of the central secret fold system to monitor the subjects, and abolished the king ministers meeting, the establishment of military affairs to specialize in one authority. And to improve the secret system of the Crown Prince, so that the succession of the throne approach institutionalized, but also to a certain extent to avoid the situation of the late Kangxi Emperor's sons of the mutual rivalry. Yongzheng emperor during his reign, diligent in politics, boasted "to Qin first world", "Qianxianxitu".

The Yongzheng emperor's series of social reforms for the continuity of the Kangxi and Qianlong dynasties has a key role. Yongzheng thirteen years (1735) died, the temple number Shizong, posthumous name Jingtian Changyun Jianzhong table Zheng Wenwu Yingming broad benevolence Xinyi Ruixing Da Xiaoxiao to Chengxian Emperor, buried in the mausoleum of Tai Ling of the Qing West Tomb, passed on to the fourth son Hongli.