Principles of cultural relics protection

Four principles: first, keep the original shape, including shape and plane layout; The second is to keep the original structure; The third is to preserve raw materials; The fourth is to retain the original technology.

(1) Preserve the original architectural form. Including the original plane layout, modeling, artistic style and so on. The architectural layout and modeling of each dynasty have their own characteristics, which not only reflect the function and system of architecture, but also reflect the social situation and national culture. If the original state is changed, or the clothes are in a mess, the value of this ancient building will be reduced or lost.

(2) Retain the original building structure. The structure of ancient buildings is the symbol of the development process of architectural science. Architectural structure is also an internal factor that determines the type of architecture. Just like human bones, what kind of bones will have what kind of body shape. If the original structure is changed in the process of reconstruction, the scientific value of the building will be reduced and its shape will be affected. We should also attach great importance to some special structures, such as the herringbone fork at the top of the North Keji Hall in Wutai Mountain, Shanxi Province, which is the only isolated case of China in Tang Dynasty. In case of damage and need to be reinforced, don't add Shu Zhu on it. Masonry structure, copper-iron structure and bamboo structure also have their own characteristics of times, regions and nationalities, which should be paid special attention to in the reconstruction project.

(3) Preserve the original building materials. There are many kinds of building materials for ancient buildings, such as wood, bamboo, brick, stone, mud, glass, gold, silver, copper and iron. What kind of building uses what kind of materials, what kind of materials produce what kind of structure and art form. The nature of wood produces dry, beam-lifting and bucket-penetrating structural masonry materials, and the structure of copper, iron and metal must be built by casting and forging. Therefore, the relationship between building materials, building structure and building art is inseparable. We strongly advocate that when restoring ancient buildings, we must keep the original components and materials and try our best to keep their "essence". It is true that when the original parts must be replaced, the original materials should also be replaced. The original components were replaced by wood, and the original components were replaced by masonry. It is best to use pine when it is loose, cypress when it is cypress, and any hardwood will do.

(4) Preserving the original technology. In order to truly preserve the original state of ancient buildings, it is necessary to preserve not only their shapes and structural materials, but also the original traditional earthenware techniques. For the maintenance technology of ancient buildings, I think we should put forward the slogan of "inheriting traditional technology". For example, the ground warfare decorated with colored paintings is originally made of three hemp limes and seven hemp nine ashes, and it must not be replaced by a thick layer of putty or other methods. This is not only to preserve the original tradition, but also related to the safety and firmness of the building.

Generally speaking, the protection of cultural relics should maximize the preservation of information. Speaking of this, I have to mention the harm of the long-term open-air preservation environment of the recently popular Ganling stone lion to stone carving buildings. But it is controversial to restore the stone lion as new, so how to protect the cultural relics is still controversial. At present, the best way is to repair the old ones with as little interference as possible without affecting the overall landscape of cultural relics.

Cultural relics protection refers to a series of measures taken to prevent the destruction of historical relics with historical, cultural and scientific values. This process is called cultural relics protection. There are nearly 770,000 immovable cultural relics registered in China, including 2,352 national key cultural relics protection units. The state approved the publication of 1 18 national historical and cultural cities and 350 national historical and cultural towns and villages. China has 46 World Heritage Sites, including 29 World Cultural Heritage Sites, 4 World Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites and 8 World Natural Heritage Sites.