Simple and beautiful mathematical handwritten newspaper

There are many knowledge points in mathematics, so we should persist in studying. Mathematics handwritten newspaper is also a way to learn mathematics. The following is the math handwritten newspaper that I carefully arranged for you, hoping to help you!

Mathematics handwritten newspaper pictures

Information of Mathematical Manuscripts: Modern Mathematics Education

The period of modern mathematics refers to the period from 65438 to the 1920s. During this period, mathematics mainly studied the most general quantitative relations and spatial forms. Number and quantity are only very special cases, and the usual geometric images in one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces are only special cases. Abstract algebra, topology and functional analysis are the main parts of modern mathematical science. They are courses for college mathematics majors, and non-mathematics majors should also know about them. During the period of variable mathematics, many new disciplines are developing vigorously, and their contents and methods are constantly enriched, expanded and deepened.

At the turn of 18 and 19 century, mathematics reached a rich and intensive situation. It seems that the treasure of mathematics has been exhausted and there is not much room for development. However, this is only the calm before the storm. 19 In the 1920s, the wave of mathematical revolution finally came, and mathematics began a series of essential changes. Since then, mathematics has entered a new period-modern mathematics period.

/kloc-In the first half of the 9th century, two revolutionary discoveries appeared in mathematics-non-Euclidean geometry and noncommutative algebra.

Around 1826, people discovered non-Euclidean geometry, which is different from the usual Euclidean geometry but also correct. This was first proposed by Robachevsky and Rier. The appearance of non-Euclidean geometry has changed people's view that Euclidean geometry is only a matter of course. His revolutionary thought not only paved the way for new geometry, but also was the prelude and preparation for the emergence of the theory of relativity in the 20th century.

Later, it was proved that the ideological emancipation caused by non-Euclidean geometry was of great significance to modern mathematics and science, because human beings finally began to break through the limitations of senses and go deep into nature. In this sense, Lobachevsky, who contributed his whole life to the establishment and development of non-Euclidean geometry, deserves to be regarded as a pioneer of modern science.

1854, Riemann popularized the concept of space and created a broader field of geometry-Riemann geometry. The discovery of non-Euclidean geometry also promotes the in-depth discussion of axiomatic methods, studies the concepts and principles that can be used as the basis, and analyzes the completeness, compatibility and independence of axioms. From 65438 to 0899, Hilbert made great contributions to this.

1843, Hamilton discovered an algebra-quaternion algebra, in which the multiplicative commutative law does not hold. The appearance of noncommutative algebra has changed people's view that it is unthinkable to have an algebra different from ordinary arithmetic algebra. His revolutionary ideas opened the door to modern algebra.

On the other hand, the concept of group is introduced because of the exploration of the solution conditions of the roots of unary equations. 65438+1920s-1930s. Abel and Galois initiated the study of modern algebra. Modern algebra is relative to classical algebra, and the content of classical algebra is centered on discussing the solutions of equations. After group theory, various algebraic systems (rings, fields, lattices, Boolean algebras, linear spaces, etc. ) all set up. At this time, the research object of algebra expanded to vectors, matrices and so on, and gradually turned to the study of algebraic system structure itself.

The above two events and their development are called the liberation of geometry and algebra.

/kloc-in the 0/9th century, the third far-reaching mathematical event occurred: the arithmeticization of analysis. In 1874, Wilstrass put forward a striking example, asking people to have a deeper understanding of the analysis basis. He put forward a famous idea called "the arithmetic of analysis". The real number system itself should be strict at first, and then all the concepts of analysis should be deduced from this number system. He and his successors basically realized this idea, so that all the analysis today can be logically deduced from a postulate set showing the characteristics of real number system.

The research of modern mathematicians goes far beyond the assumption that the real number system is the basis of analysis. Euclidean geometry can also be placed in the real number system through its analytical interpretation; If Euclidean geometry is compatible, then most branches of geometry are compatible. Real number system (or some part) can be used to solve many branches of group algebra; It can make many algebraic compatibility depend on the compatibility of real number system. In fact, it can be said that if the real number system is compatible, all existing mathematics are also compatible.

/kloc-In the late 20th century, due to the work of Dedekind, Cantor and piano, these mathematical foundations have been established on a simpler and more basic natural number system. In other words, they proved that the real number system (from which many kinds of mathematics are derived) can be derived from the postulate set that establishes the natural number system. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was proved that natural numbers can be defined by the concept of set theory. So all kinds of mathematics can be said on the basis of set theory.

Topology was originally a branch of geometry, but it didn't become popular until the second1/4th century of the 20th century. Topology can be roughly defined as continuous mathematical research. Scientists realize that any group of things, whether it is a set of points, numbers, algebraic entities, functions or non-mathematical objects, can form a topological space in a certain sense. The concepts and theories of topology have been successfully applied to the study of electromagnetism and physics.