Who knows what Liu Zongyuan's allegorical article is, the more the better.

Liu Zongyuan's fables are rich in content, profound in meaning, strong in politics and high in philosophy. Ten years of official life made him fully aware of the darkness of reality and the suffering of the people. Long-term political persecution, relatively poor life and indifference of the world have certainly damaged his health, but they have greatly developed his thoughts. He summarized, analyzed and refined social real life, and conceived and shaped a large number of typical fable images accordingly. Judging from the existing fable content, it can be roughly divided into three categories:

<1> satirizes reality and criticizes current disadvantages. Liu Zongyuan's fable comprehensively outlines the ugly image in the society at that time through vivid and interesting stories with sharp brushstrokes. The Three Commandments is a set of famous fables written by the author after he was demoted. The first article is about the elk by the river being carried away by its owner's love and finally eaten by "foreign dogs". In the second chapter, the Guizhou donkey, who was duplicitous in appearance, was killed by a clever and witty tiger who saw through the essence of external strength and internal weakness. The third article is about the rats in Yong's family, which ran wild with the connivance of their old owners, and finally brought about their own destruction, and their bodies were everywhere. The author satirizes the reactionary bureaucrats and their minions at that time with three animals: elk, donkey and mouse. His creative intention is like this: "I always hated the world, but I didn't know how to push myself and others. Instead, I took advantage of the situation to make a show, or guided by the situation, angered people with skills, stole the time and violently, and died in disaster." A guest told three things, moose, donkey and mouse, which seemed to be things, and made three commandments. "It can be seen that all his fables interfere with the times. In the fable "Rice by the River", Liu Zongyuan obviously used animals to express people's opinions, used rice to insinuate those arrogant slaves, and made a bitter ridicule on them: if this continues, it will be "eaten" sooner or later. In the fable "The Donkey of Guizhou", Liu Zongyuan portrayed the little tiger as a witty, brave, thoughtful, emotional and intelligent image through meticulous psychological activities and expression techniques, which set off the stupid donkey. Through several performances of the donkey, the tiger finally realized the essence of the donkey's external work and internal work. Thus, the theme is pointed out: superficial, immoral and incompetent people will eventually be exposed and end up in pieces. The fable "The Rat of Yong Family" is obviously a metaphor for people with rats, implying those who are domineering, greedy and tyrannical. It shows that those who do harm to society and do not repent, even if they are lucky for a while, will inevitably suffer the shameful end of "the mouse of the family" for a long time. At the same time, we should also see that in ancient times, traitors and villains were always attached to the bad king, so here, we also mercilessly flay and satirize "Yong's family" and those who "condone and support traitors." In Hate the King, the author compares the political struggle at that time with the incompatibility between good and evil between apes and princes, praises the Wang clique that Liu Zongyuan once participated in, exposes and criticizes the stubborn old forces such as eunuchs and buffer regions, and rebukes the emperor who indulged and fostered traitors. Zhuanshuo is a fable with profound implications. Although the story is simple, it is very attractive. It closely describes the tragic end of a hunter who only plays bamboo flute to attract wild animals without real skills. Use "blowing" to satirize people who deceive the world and confuse the public. In particular, the last sentence, "Today's husband is not good at home and leans outside, and there is no food for him. "This is very thought-provoking. In today's market economy society, this view still has positive reference significance.

(2) Express your interests and noble sentiments. Liu Zongyuan was an outstanding thinker and politician in the middle Tang Dynasty. He has read widely since childhood, and his thoughts are active, and he appreciates, worships and praises loyal ministers and righteous men. He expressed his loyalty to Li Tang by praising Changhong in Hang Changhong Wen. In order to revitalize the Tang Dynasty and maintain unity, he took part in the Yongzheng political reform movement. Yongzhen was demoted to Yongzhou after the failure of innovation. Although he can't take part in political affairs, he still uses a pen as a weapon. "Diligent and inspirational, loyal to Zhongzheng, loyal to Confucius, loyal to Anyuan." So as to achieve his goal of "serving the country" and "benefiting the country". No matter what circumstances you are in, you still think about the country and the people. Therefore, in his works, there is often a confession of "I don't regret it when I die" in order to adhere to my ideals and personal integrity. For example, in "Niu Fu", through the description of the cow "plowing a hundred acres a day" and "benefiting the world and seeing its skin for use", it praised its hard work and self-sacrifice spirit for the benefit of the people and expressed its desire to be a "cow" for the benefit of the people. This is also a kind of praise for those friends who are enthusiastic about the cause of reform. The description in "Fu on a Bottle" is that the bottle is filled with clear water: "Innocence can be learned, but not flattering. Li Ze has a vast territory, who can go? " It is used to symbolize personal integrity, selflessness and dedication. Yuxi Dui, in the form of myth, describes the indomitable character of an individual who has been relegated to adversity: "There is something to lose, something to gain, and the benefit cannot be advanced, but it cannot be suppressed." Desolate and desolate, the pawn is not self-defeating. " This is his self-comfort and explanation in his indifference and loneliness after setbacks, which embodies his open-minded thoughts. He didn't change his personality ideal because he was demoted, nor did he give up the "great and medium-sized way" that he admired and was determined to carry forward. Instead, it always adheres to high standards and independent ethics, and its tenacious will and noble quality, which are not in cahoots with the common customs, are also the tortuous embodiment of its active spirit of joining the WTO.

(3) express your political views. Besides satire, Liu Zongyuan's fable also includes writing his own views and feelings and expressing his political opinions in the form of positive reasoning. Among them, the biography of planting trees and camels is the most prominent. The Biography of Planting Camels is a biography similar to fable. Guo Tuo described in this article is an expert in planting trees. The trees he planted grow fast, have a long life, bear early fruits and bear many fruits, and are very famous in Chang 'an. The article writes that Guo Tuo's way of planting trees is to "follow the nature of trees and make them natural" and introduces his experience in detail. Other tree growers did the opposite, and the trees were destroyed. The article then "turns the way of planting trees into official camp", and through Guo Tuo's mouth, reveals the phenomenon that the official laws and regulations at that time were cumbersome, disturbing the people everywhere and infringing on the vitality of the people; It is also pointed out from the front that if officials want to govern the people, just like Guo Tuo planting trees, they must comply with the requirements of the people in order to live and work in peace and contentment. Reflected his desire to reform the disadvantages. The author directly explained the moral: "I want to raise trees and people." Pass it on as a formal commandment. "Liu, a critic of Huangtang in the Song Dynasty, also listed it as a work of the same nature as Zhuangzi My Qiao Niu. The purpose is not to describe the simplicity, wisdom and career success of tree planters, but to warn rulers to follow the law of development of things, share interests with the people and not to fish based on the fact that they constantly disturb and harm the people.

Thirdly, the artistic features of Liu Zongyuan's fables.

Liu Zongyuan's fable is ingenious in conception, complete in story, tortuous in plot, rich in content, profound in implication, rich in style, grim and gloomy, and at the same time has another beautiful and lofty emotion. Language is characterized by the use of short sentences, precise and implicit language, concise sentences, vivid characters, sharp brushwork and concise words. Each fable has its own unique style and generally has the following characteristics:

<1> has a typical image and a distinct theme. Liu Zongyuan's fables are deeply rooted in the soil of real life in the Tang Dynasty, and have created many successful fable images with typical significance: the sinister eunuch (the "corpse worm" in Cursing the corpse worm), the headstrong Pan Zhen (the poisonous snake in Walking the Snake), the incompetent bureaucrat and the confused emperor (Niu Fu, Niu Fu). His fables describe the characters in detail. In "Elk by the River", the author wrote that dogs want to eat deer, and began to use "the dog drools and its tail sticks up" to describe that arrogant and unscrupulous appearance, which is vivid. After the owner's intimidation and instruction, the dog became very docile on the surface, and even "accosted" the deer against his will. Then the author wrote: "Whenever something happens, it will stick out its tongue." It's also a virtual image, but it's a virtual image that I dare not show publicly because I'm afraid of my master, but I still show it secretly. This kind of writing is commonly called "vivid", that is, through human language and action, write the psychological state of people or anthropomorphic animals and plants. Because the author vividly described the dog's different attitudes before and after, and also described its inner change process. For the deer, just a few descriptions, such as "fighting against it, covering it up" and "having fun", show how complacent it is. Generally speaking, Liu Zongyuan's fables not only have the characteristics of concise and smooth prose, but also absorb the delicate twists and turns of legends and describe them accurately. Through accurate and delicate description, he created vivid allegorical images and made profound exposure and satire, which is the difference between Liu Zongyuan's fable and the fable of the pre-Qin period.

(2) Free form and diverse genres. Liu Zongyuan's fables are mostly prose, but in his prose, he widely uses various literary genres, including "Dui", such as "The Fisherman to Zhi Bo"; There are "sayings", such as "Talk about"; Have "ambition", such as "Yongzhou Iron Furnace Step"; There are also "biographies", such as the biography of planting trees and camels, which are actually biographies similar to fables. There are "questions and answers", such as "answering the waste"; There are "commandments", such as "three commandments"; There is also a kind of "falling", such as "falling on the disease". In addition to prose, there are poetic fables, such as "Cage Eagle Ci"; In the fable of Sao style like Hate Wang Sunwen, the preface written in prose at the front and the text at the back take care of each other, complement each other and set off each other relatively independently, and * * * isomorphic becomes a harmonious whole. This kind of works is full of lyricism and romance. The first half of the fable essay Biography of the Slug is a fable written in the usual way of remembering literature, with vivid language image; The second half of the discussion is pungent in language and sharp in style, stabbing corrupt officials like a dagger. These works not only have the basic elements of fable literature, but also have the characteristics of Chu ci and Han fu, and often have a certain degree of exposition in narrative. And the language is clear and beautiful, and the rhyme is beautiful. It not only describes the relevant stories in an orderly way, but also appropriately expresses the author's thoughts and feelings. In a word, Liu Zongyuan's fables broke the single form and genre of pre-Qin fables and creatively used eclectic forms to enrich and develop this literary genre.

(3) Irony is pungent and humorous. Strong irony is an important function of fables, especially Liu Zongyuan's fables. For example, the description of the cruel nature of the king in Hate the King, the description of the donkey in Qian's Donkey, and the hateful and unscrupulous performance of the mouse in Yong's Mouse all give strong satire, thus arousing people's hatred and great disgust for the satirical object and achieving the necessary artistic effect. At the same time, Liu Zongyuan's fable also has a certain humorous plot. For example, the satire on corrupt officials who don't look back in "The Sagging Biography" uses "its name, people, and wisdom as ants", which is both sharp and humorous. The description of slugs stumbling, but its unchangeable load-bearing and climbing habit, leading to its death and never looking back, makes people laugh and cry, with endless aftertaste.

〈 4 〉 Rich literary color. Liu Zongyuan's fable not only wins with stories, but more importantly, he uses a variety of rhetorical devices to portray vivid images of people and animals through wonderful descriptions. Such as tigers, donkeys, mice, slugs, the hunters I talked about, whip Jia and Kuanshao in whip Jia are all pitiful. The reason why Liu Zongyuan's fable is short is entirely because his language is concise. Irony and exposure of evil forces, strong feelings, strict attitude, sharp and concise writing. For example, the three fables in the Three Commandments are all written in anthropomorphic ways, with delicate descriptions and concise language, which vividly depict the psychology and expression of animals. The combination of description and description is used in "Yong's House Mouse", which fully exaggerates the abomination of mice: it not only directly describes the rampant expression of mice with "tiredness", "theft" and "fighting violence", but also compares it with the situation that utensils and food are completely destroyed and people are "not allowed to sleep", so that readers can listen to their voices and see their shapes. This exaggerated depiction based on the truth of life is really penetrating. In Qian's donkey, only three words are used to describe the tiger's understanding of the donkey, which accurately shows the tiger's gradual understanding and different attitudes towards the donkey in three stages: rough viewing from a distance, peeping in the forest and careful observation and research. In the biography of planting trees for the country, the author uses the method of comparison and the close combination of borrowing questions to explore the truth of governing the country and governing the people through the experience of planting trees for the country, in which a lot of descriptions are used. In addition to writing about Guo Tuo's appearance, skills and reputation, the author focuses on Guo Tuo's criticism of his peers in harmonious words, attacking officials for disturbing the people and harming the people in a sarcastic and painful tone, and then knowingly committing crimes after exposing stupid and mediocre officials.