What festivals are there in a year?

A Survey of Traditional Festivals in China The traditional festivals in China have basically taken shape since the Han Dynasty, with some increase or decrease. After the Republic of China, great changes have taken place due to the westernization in form, but the people still insist on a few of them that have not been legally determined by the government. Until the Cultural Revolution, the government even cut the promotion of traditional festivals except the Spring Festival, and even promoted the Spring Festival as "a revolutionary Spring Festival". After the reform and opening up, people began to celebrate some traditional festivals, and newspapers and periodicals also made some introductions and publicity accordingly. At present, including legal holidays, traditional festivals celebrated by the people account for about one-third of traditional festivals. Traditional festivals contain many folk culture and traditional humanistic concepts, as well as religious factors, which are of certain significance to the study of the culture, history and social life of ancient society. The following are the main traditional festivals to reward friends who are interested in this aspect. One. New Year's Day, also known as the New Year, or the first day of the first month. The first day of the first month is the day when a year, four seasons and twelve months begin. In Chunqiu Zhuan, the first month is called Duanyue. When the rooster crows, firecrackers will be set off in front of the court to ward off evil spirits. Therefore, the first month is a festival that has existed since ancient times. There are many customs in the first month, for example, young people and old people dress well, and this custom has been maintained to this day, drinking pepper wine, that is, wine made of pepper flowers, or cypress wine. However, some specific activities have now been abandoned, including Han and Jin. For example, at the beginning of the week, he said in the Local Records: "Swallowing a chicken is called practicing shape." "Dream of China in Tokyo" records that the government of the Northern Song Dynasty will hold a grand court meeting in the first month, and the emperors and officials will hold large-scale group worship activities and entertain envoys from various countries, paying special attention to the banquet treatment for the Liao and Korean missions. This activity has been preserved to this day. After the Revolution of 1911, the traditional festival legally reserved by the government of the Republic of China was only the first month, but it was renamed "Spring Festival", and New Year's Day was placed on the first day of January in the western calendar. It's just that the government and people pay more attention to the Spring Festival, and the people and China government have a four-day legal holiday. However, many private enterprises have extended the Spring Festival to varying degrees, and some even extended it to 1 month 15, including weekends. Two. 1 month 1 day to 1 month 15 day, which is an ancient traditional festival for farmers. According to the customs and judicature of Ying Shao in the Eastern Han Dynasty, offering sacrifices to farmers was first held in April, which was changed to February by Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty and changed to beginning of spring in Jin Dynasty. On the day of spring, officials should personally put on clothes to celebrate and sit on Koharu cows to show their support and attention to agriculture after spring, and people also have corresponding celebrations. In fact, this festival is the real Spring Festival. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Fu Xian's Yan Fu said, "Four o'clock has arrived, so it's time to start. He was born in the East, but Yan was established to welcome him. [Feather Army] The ambiguity of light wings, if it can fly but not rise. Mrs. He is skilled and similar in style and appearance. When Yu Qingshu praised it, it was the best in Yichun. " Today, few people know that beginning of spring is a traditional festival. Three. Lantern Festival The fifteenth day of the first month of the Lantern Festival is the busiest day of the year, because most people have to go to work after this day. Lantern Festival is a grand event, with lanterns and fireworks. Dragon and lion dances, social acrobatics, from day to night. In order to keep the attitude of sharing happiness with the people, Jin Wu couldn't help thinking that Jin Wu was holding Jin Wu, the bodyguard guarding the palace. Wu Jin couldn't help but point out that ordinary people were not forbidden to visit the Jinshui Bridge in front of the palace. Fireworks are set off near Jinshui Bridge, and the emperor and his concubines can enjoy them on the gatehouse of the imperial city. In the past, fireworks were made up of all kinds of firecrackers and fireworks tied to fireworks racks. I saw them when I was a child. They are more spectacular than western-style fireworks, but they are also dangerous. Don Su Weidao's poem, "Fire trees and silver flowers meet, the golden bridge is untied, the dark dust goes with the horse, and the firefly comes." Vividly summarized the scene of Yuanxi. With the coming of the Lunar New Year, many young women confined in boudoir and family members of officials were allowed to watch lanterns, which created a rare contact opportunity for young men and women and performed many love stories, which were described in the vernacular novels of the Ming Dynasty. Ouyang Xiu's Ci "The Birth of Mistakes" in the Northern Song Dynasty. Yuan "last year's Lantern Festival, the flower market was picturesque, with willow tips on the moon and later generations meeting at dusk." On the first night of this year, the moon and lights were still there. Last year's people disappeared, and Man Chun's shirt sleeves were crying. " Yuan wrote about his experience. He missed her for a year. How could this situation be embarrassing? Xin Qiji wrote, "Looking back suddenly, people are there, and the lights are dim! "Obviously, my sweetheart fell from the sky. Celebrations of the Lunar New Year have been maintained in rural areas in the north, but they have also resumed in the south, and most of them are limited to watching song and dance programs on TV. Four. March 3rd, March Qushui, according to the Chronicle of Jingchu, "the gentry went out of the pond to drink Qushui." "Qushui" is a bend in the river, and the speed of water flow slows down. In the past, tourists drifted along the river by boat, and every time they went to a harbor or a river bend, they stopped to drink and write poems. This festival originated very early, and Emperor Wu of Jin didn't even know its meaning. Zhi Yu answered his question and said that it had existed since the Duke of Zhou. It turns out that the glass is filled with wine, floating in the river. This is the meaning of "Qushui Flowing" in Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting Collection. People who read ancient prose for the first time without reading the notes are easily confused by the meaning of Qushui. Five. Cold food is prohibited from leaving the fire. It is forbidden to eat cold food in Tomb-Sweeping Day for the first two days and from winter to the next day 105. From top to bottom, only fruits and snacks are eaten. Cold food originated from the story of Jin Wengong burning. The story is: Kim's son fled abroad with Jietui. The son of Jin passed Wei, hungry and short of food. His followers untied him and cut off the flesh from his thigh for the duke Wen to eat. After Wen Gong returned to China and proclaimed himself emperor, he was rewarded with labor and deployed troops. BR> I wrote Song of the Dragon and Snake and lived in seclusion. Jin Wengong went to visit Zitui, but Zitui didn't want to come out, so Wen Gong set fire to push the trees around the secluded mountain, hoping to force Zitui to push it out, and Zitui hugged the withered willow and let it burn to death. Jin Wengong mourned him and ordered the people not to make a fire on May 5th. Later, May 5th was changed to the time written in the Han Dynasty. This story is not recorded in Zuo Zhuan and Historical Records, but it is specifically researched in Hong Mai's Rongzhai Essays in the Southern Song Dynasty. Bird Yang Hao's song Zhong Lu. And Yao folk songs. On the road of cold food, cold food seems to come from the legend of Tang Yao. I wonder if the commemoration of the Cold Food Festival still exists in rural Shanxi today? Six. Only after the Northern and Southern Dynasties did Tomb-Sweeping Day come, and Tomb-Sweeping Day went to the grave to offer sacrifices to ancestors and deceased relatives, because it was not recorded in the Chronicle of Jingchu written by Zonggu in the Southern Dynasties. In the Northern Song Dynasty, every household had to stick willow branches at the door, and the government held a so-called "fire drilling" ceremony, that is, using elms to drill wood to make a fire, and also held a dragon boat race, which was very lively, not just a grave sweeping activity. The so-called "it rains in the Qingming period, and pedestrians on the road want to break their souls" is so sad. Qingming activities remain up and down. Seven. April Buddha's Birthday April 8th is the Buddha's Birthday, such as Christmas in the West, which is a national religious festival after the spread of Buddhism to the East. This festival didn't appear until about the Tang Dynasty. On this day, there are Buddhist bathing and fasting meetings in temples of all sizes. Monks offer sweet medicine syrup to pilgrims, while folks eat spring fruit with soju as a souvenir. At present, most young people who celebrate Christmas in China do not know that China also commemorates the birthday of a western god. Eight. Dragon Boat Festival May 5th is the annual Dragon Boat Festival, which is very lively. People should spontaneously organize dragon boat races, eat zongzi, drink realgar wine and hang wormwood at the door. According to legend, this festival is to commemorate the story of Qu Yuan, a doctor of Chu State, who worried about his country and people and threw himself into the river. People wrap glutinous rice in palm leaves and throw it into the river as bait, so that fish and turtles will not eat their respected Dr. Qu. However, according to Han Danchun's Cao Ebei, "On May 5th, Wu Jun greeted the water. "This is a custom handed down from Wu. In Wu Zixu, it has nothing to do with Qu Yuan." The Legend of Crossing the Land says that this custom originated from Gou Jian, the King of Yue. The Dragon Boat Festival seems to have originated from the custom in wuyue. The custom of drinking realgar wine, hanging wormwood and picking miscellaneous medicines may have existed since ancient times. Xia: "Store medicine this month to remove poisonous gas. "I told you. The celebration of the Dragon Boat Festival is still very enthusiastic in China, but it is not as crowded as it was before the 1960s, and primary and secondary school students can't sit still in class when they go to the Dragon Boat Festival. Overseas Chinese don't think of zongzi until they see them sold in shops. Nine. On the evening of July 7th, Qiao Qi published another article on Tanabata, which is not superfluous. Ghost Festival in Tenuto Central Plains The festival in Central Plains is July 15, commonly known as "Ghost Festival". On this day, it is said that it is necessary to burn paper money for the dead, and the temple should try to make a Dojo for the dead to cross over. This festival originated from the Buddhist scripture "Mu Lian Save Mother", so it was very warm in the Song Dynasty. I want to set up a stage in the market to sing the vaudeville "Mu Lian Save Mother". According to Buddhist scriptures, this story says: Mulian saw her dead mother in the underworld and immediately offered her a bowl of rice. If rice is not imported, it becomes charcoal, and Manglietia's mother can't eat rice, so Manglietia shouted. Buddha said, "Your mother's sin is too deep for you to bear alone. It takes the strength of ten monks. On July 15th, you should prepare all kinds of delicious food and five kinds of fruits for the seven generations of parents who suffered in the dungeon, and put them in pots and pans to worship the top ten monks. I will warn all monks and wish the seven generations of parents of the donor to enter' meditation' and then accept food. " Mu Lian did as the Buddha said, and his mother relieved all the pain of the Russian ghost. Mu Lian then said to the Buddha, "In the future, Buddhist disciples who are filial to their parents should also set up a bonsai to support the ten monks and great virtues." The Buddha said, "Well said! "So this story is actually a combination of Confucian filial piety and Buddhist classics, which is convenient for the popularization of Buddhism. Therefore, the Mid-Autumn Festival is also called "Orchid Festival". In Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, there are many references to the Orchid Club. When I was a child, I heard the old man say many times that "ghosts run around in July and a half", but I don't know why. At present, most students studying in the United States only know about Halloween (Gregorian calendar1October 3 1 Sunday), but they don't know about the Orchestral Club in China, which is much more solemn than grinning at Halloween. Orchid clubs may have existed in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but now they are only restored in temples, which is too superstitious. Eleven. Appreciating the Moon in Mid-Autumn Festival August 15 On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, the moon looks particularly bright and big, and the commemoration of Mid-Autumn Festival begins. Sitting around eating moon cakes in the Mid-Autumn Festival and then going out to enjoy the moon also means family reunion, which may come from Su Shi's poem "When will there be a bright moon?" "I take a glass from a distance. . . . I hope that people will last for a long time and have a good scenery. " This was written by Su Dongpo when he missed his brother Su Ziyou in other places. However, the origin of Mid-Autumn Festival is not in this sense. It is an obvious moon viewing, but it comes from the wonderful story of Tang Dynasty roaming the Moon Palace with the help of the famous Taoist Ye Fashan, and it also comes with the fairy tale "Colorful Feather" that I posted. As for the custom of eating moon cakes on Mid-Autumn Festival night, there is nothing in the notes of the Southern Song Dynasty. According to legend, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, when the peasant Red Scarf Army revolted, it took the round cake as the number. The Mid-Autumn Festival in Song Dynasty is very lively. According to "Old Wulin Stories", on the Mid-Autumn Festival night in the Southern Song Dynasty, people set off 100,000 parchment lamps and let them drift along the Qiantang River. Like a star on the Qiantang River at night, it's fun. Twelve. The ninth day of September is the traditional Double Ninth Festival, which coincides with the crisp autumn air and is a good time to go for an outing. Wang Wei wrote in "Ascending to Remember Shandong Brothers on September 9": "Being a stranger alone in a foreign land, I miss my relatives twice every festive season. I know from a distance where my brother climbed, and there is one person missing from the dogwood. " Show his true feelings for his loved ones. On September 9th, wearing dogwood grass, on a sunny day, climbing uphill and drinking chrysanthemum wine reminded people of the integration of life and nature, so they thought of longevity. After the liberation of the Double Ninth Festival, there were no more celebrations. Thirteen. December 8 of Laba porridge is the day to worship the kitchen god. "Said," Zhuan Xu's son is Li, who is Zhu Rong and worships the kitchen god. Therefore, the origin of offering sacrifices to the kitchen god may be before the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Serina Liu and others wrote A History of the East View of the Han Dynasty, saying that they would sacrifice the antelope to the Kitchen God. In the Song Dynasty, the so-called "laba rice" appeared in the activities of offering sacrifices to the kitchen god, that is, eating porridge with various fruit impurities. This custom may come from the infiltration and transformation of Buddhism into the activities of China folk witches. On this day, the monks saw that everyone was offering sacrifices to traditional witches, fearing that their teachings would be unfavorable, so they took advantage of the excitement to have a porridge and gave it to the poor and helpless to offset the influence of "cults." Buddhism's resistance to "cults" was very successful, which completely put an end to previous activities such as jumping into the gods. Zhang Heng's Ode to Tokyo in the Eastern Han Dynasty also said: "At the end of each year, a grand Nuo ceremony is held to exorcise all kinds of evil spirits. Fang holds weapons, wizards hold brooms, and tens of thousands of children wear red scarves and black clothes, holding peach bows and barbed arrows and shooting aimlessly everywhere. " It is also recorded in the story of Jingchu era, but in the dream of Tokyo, there is no such happy celebration scene. However, "Laba porridge" has been handed down. Up to now, many families still have this custom, and some modern smart wives have done it with experience. New Year's Eve at the age of fourteen is the last day of the year. On this day, ordinary families try their best to get together. The whole family sat around the fire, drinking and eating delicious food to bid farewell to the old year and welcome the new year, while firecrackers were heard outside. The family spent the last night of a warm year together, and it is still strong in China, but the wonderful program of the Spring Festival Evening ruined this warm atmosphere. "Chronicle of Jingchu Years" records that every family prepares delicious food, goes to the land of the New Year to welcome the arrival of the New Year, and the whole family drinks heartily together. Leave some birthday rice and scatter it on the roadside or street on 10/2 of the new year; Think it means to go to the old and welcome the new. It seems that the youth league at that time was similar to people now, and they all had to bowl. In Dream of China in Tokyo, we can see the new development of the celebration of New Year's Eve. It says: Except Japan, the Forbidden City presents gifts and uses imperial officials. Each class wore masks, embroidered books and colorful clothes, and held golden guns and dragon flags. Jiaofang made Meng Jingchu a magnificent man. He was a general with golden shrimp and bronze armor. With two generals in the city hall, they were also introduced and installed as door gods. Jiao Fangnan River charcoal is ugly and fat, pretending to be a judge. And Zhong Kui, little sister, land, kitchen god and so on, more than one thousand people. . . The scholar's home, sitting around the stove group, can't sleep, which is called "shou sui". This Nuo ceremony was a masked performance, but unfortunately it could not be broadcast live and made into a movie. Attachment: qiaqia Festival was the seventh day of July in the old calendar yesterday. In the past, it was said that on the night of July 7, the cowherd and the weaver girl in the sky would cross the bridge made up of magpies from the separated galaxy. Of course, this is not true. The distance of the Milky Way is measured in millions of light years. Even by flying at the speed of light, it is absolutely impossible to cross the galaxy overnight. Speaking of which, this legend has been circulated among ordinary people in China for a long time because of its poignant and moving beauty. Some people say that July 7th should be designated as Valentine's Day in China. It shows the simple and sincere love between men and women who loved each other in ancient times and can stand the test of time and space. . But perhaps in the eyes of cynical men and women today, it is unrealistic to look across the vast Tianhe River. It is really boring to meet a pair of "light bulb" children in a hurry once a year. It is better to twist in a deafening bar or have a spring breeze for a while. Everything is affordable, exciting and irresponsible. Of course, this fairy tale reflects the difficulties of young men and women in ancient China in pursuing freedom, love and happiness in that society with strict ethical codes, but it is precisely because of its difficulties and obstacles that it inspires tenacity and persistence. Therefore, this story will spread among people for a long time, and it will be attached to the midsummer night on July 7. In the distance, there are many stars, full of eyes and mist in Tianhe, and the unique Tiansun (Vega) flashes towards the river drum on the other side. And that kind of "glass of water doctrine" has little spiritual value except the temporary enjoyment of the senses. As early as the Han Dynasty, Xia Zhengxiao, the Taizai in the Book of Rites, said, "The Weaver Maid faces east in the middle of the month, which means that at least in the Han Dynasty, people have noticed the running law of Vega in the sky, especially in July. "Historical Records Biography of Tianguan" says that Zhinu is the grandson of Tiandi. That is, the origin of Tiansun. " Astrology ":It says," Morning glory, the name of heaven. "The Altair is the Altair, and the Hegu escaped later. The story of the meeting of the Cowherd and the Weaver Maid on July 7th can be found in Fu Xuan's "On July 7th, the Cowherd and the Weaver Maid will meet in Tianhe". This legend may have originated in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. In the poem of Wang Xiangqi in the late Qing Dynasty, he wrote: "The fellow villagers raised talents, and the grandson married the river drum. A hundred-year match ended in a hurry, and the tears were always silent. "What he sees is a dislocation, and what he yearns for more is:" The riverside is as red as the sky, and Jin Yuanyang does not fly alone. "The Chronicle of Jingchu in Zonggu of the Southern Dynasties records that in Jianghan area at that time, on the night of the seventh day of July, women in every household had to tie colored silk threads and leave very thin needles. Some people use gold, silver and copper as needles, put melons and fruits in the yard and pray for wisdom from Vega God. If spiders weave webs on melons and fruits, it is considered as a sign of the arrival of Vega God. That is to say, on the night of July 7, there is not only the significance of meeting the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, but also the significance of praying for wisdom from the Vega God. Vega, as a textile goddess in folklore, is a symbol of hardworking and wisdom of ancient working women. On this night, ancient women made sacrifices to her by tying colored silk thread, hoping to get the source of ingenuity from her, so the night of July 7 is also called "Begging for Cleverness Festival", which is an enterprising festival. Later, in the Northern Song Dynasty, Mr. Meng Yuan wrote in "Dream of China in Tokyo" that when the Northern Song Dynasty was at its peak, Qixi was particularly lively. " Three or five days before Tanabata, horses and chariots were all over the city, and the lotus flowers were not in bloom. Everyone is good at making double-headed lotus flowers. Passers-by often can't put it down after taking a break. "On the evening of the 7th, there were many colorful buildings in your house in court, which were called" Qiaoqi Building ". Paving the past, grinding and drinking music (note), flower melon, wine moxibustion, pen and inkstone, needle and thread, or children's poetry scissors, the girl is smart, which is called' begging for the spirit'. "The Dream of Liang Lu by Wu in the Southern Song Dynasty and the meticulous Old Stories of Wulin recorded the Qixi Night in Lin 'an in the Southern Song Dynasty and the celebrations in the Northern Song Dynasty. Compared with the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the beggars' market in Song Dynasty was more colorful. I like Jojo Festival, which is not only a part of China's ancient multi-folk culture, but also a festival that inspires wisdom and evokes the reverie of love.