Briefly describe the main elements of Chinese philosophy

Phase I: Qin Qin was the peak of Chinese philosophy and culture, and the development of philosophy in the later period was second to none. Qin not only has a distinctive interpretation of the group, more in-depth discussion of personal life;

Second stage: since the unification of Qin Shi Huang to feudal philosophy China's foreign affairs movement to five hundred years of chaos, three hundred years of chaos in the middle. Horizontal stagnation of philosophy, remaining within the framework of Confucianism for discussion and study.

The third stage: from the foreign affairs movement "in the West" to the reform of the cultural system "May Fourth Movement" of Chinese philosophy and Western philosophy, Chinese philosophy, Western philosophy has been tremendously subverted, the Chinese began to think about the shortcomings of the Chinese philosophy, and tried to By citing artifacts (as representative of the foreign affairs movement), attempting to emulate the Western constitutional monarchy "Reform" (a reform movement) as representative of the "Introduction to Culture" (a 54-movement movement to keep the banner of democracy and science high, to criticize the old culture in order to promote the new culture as representative of) to rewrite Chinese philosophy.

The fourth stage: from the May Fourth Movement to the Cultural Revolution ten years of chaos philosophy, traditional Chinese philosophy completely destroyed.

The fifth stage: materialist philosophy decades after the Cultural Revolution to the present, has suffered, because the May Fourth Movement and the Second World War baptism, questioning the traditional Chinese philosophy gradually declined during the decade of the Cultural Revolution was further destruction of the traditional philosophical worldview. China's development philosophy, borrowed from Western society, economics, science, and systems within and packaged in stages of traditional Chinese philosophical materialist philosophy.

Characterizing Chinese philosophy and Western philosophy

The word "philosophy" differs from English philosophy in that it derives from the Greek roots Philo and Sophia, the original Chinese philosophy and Western philosophy

It means the love of wisdom (爱的智慧), or the pursuit of wisdom (strivefor wisdom). strivefor wisdom). The word wisdom means a wide range of modern words, which refer to all human activities of rational thought and reflection. Russell summarized it as follows: "Philosophy is the knowledge of truth." The official Chinese definition is: "Philosophy worldview, ? Philosophy is methodology." This should be the most scientific definition.

Western philosophy is derived from Greek math and geometry, the ability to think logically, mechanically, and after initiation can draw conclusions from known knowledge, such as math and geometry unknown. We all know that the ability to think logically must first be defined, but definitions are often difficult to pinpoint and the reasoning process is often factually incorrect. This is the dilemma of Western philosophy. The British philosopher Russell said at the end of his "Philosophical Problems": "The reason why the idea should be learned is that it cannot provide any exact answer to the question posed, because it is usually impossible to know the exact answer to be true, but it is written in the questions, and these questions are capable of enlarging our conception of all things that we think and do. All things that enrich the imagination of our minds and hearts, and reduce the dogmatic confidence that these are possible to reflect the role of the soul in captivity" In this passage, Russell unmistakably tells us that fundamentally accurate, rather than philosophical, Western philosophers need precise definitions.

Let me talk about the dilemma of Western philosophy: the first level of philosophy is based on definition and logic. Western philosophers define science as difficult. For example, some wood composites, composites of wood and fibers consist of numerous chairs, while in turn the fibers consist of organic molecules, organic molecules consisting of atoms that turn differently. Even in the face of nature's simplest substance, hydrogen, it is difficult to define the "one", because the hydrogen molecule consists of 2 atoms, the hydrogen atom consists of electrons and protons, and in the scientific point of view also to neutrinos, as well as to the mysterious structure. This is the scandal of the idea of "Western philosophy". The survival of the logic of Western philosophy is also a question of the first discovery of the "masters", "there will be so-called" structural reasoning fallacies and confusion, and later found a logical paradox. At the second level, there are three major themes of traditional Western philosophy: God (existence), matter (nature), and spirit (spiritual realm). soul (spiritual world). The deepening of the understanding of the world, the idea of God to seize the ground less and less, the existence of God only in philosophy, religion, not the modern concept, it can be said that the rapid development of the object, natural science, philosophy, the general principles and conclusions of the natural world - that is to say, the material to replace the natural sciences, the modern development of psychoanalysis, linguistic analysis, became an independent psychological discipline, which replaces the study of philosophy Spirituality, so,, says the crisis faced by the loss of research philosophy.

Russell's example in the "Philosophical Problems", "2 + 2 = 4" to illustrate the problem, is that he used the mathematical concept, and this concept came to replace the original master. They should have a purer logic than anything else." 2 +2 = 4" Such a philosopher Bertrand Russell often examples, for example, it is difficult to be true, nor will it become the truth. Two apples plus two apples, four apples, but two plus two is not necessarily four people, time or other conditions need to be the limit of the equation to be valid, otherwise there will be two plus two people living with the question of how many individuals, and some people will be fighting a vendetta to reduce the number of questions. Thus it seems to be the unmistakable truth that this is not the case. And some of our usual concepts: the sun will appear again tomorrow, but it is not the case, because at the South Pole or as may happen at the North Pole, do not see the sun tomorrow, and that's the same thing. The concept that there are 24 hours in a day is inherent, but the precise concept is not accurate, because the acceleration of the Earth's rotation has a margin of error of a few fractions of a second per year, and therefore there can not be a precise concept. There are many more examples of the dilemma of the Western philosophical school of Western philosophy. There are many reasons why it is difficult to unify because they go beyond the nature of things and cannot be discovered. Recovered immaterial wealth can not be named. Is not the same as like, either elephant, is trance. Concomitantly, but not thereafter, but not reflected in its first greeting. " ("Tao Te Ching" 14). "Formerly it was a daily clearing of the land to come to peace, the spirit of the gods, the grain was in surplus, the Husbandman was, and the world was positive." ("Tao Te Ching" 39). "The birth of the world is born of the birth of the world." "The Tao, born of one body, one or two, two begets three, three begets all things, all negative yin, yang, and poisonous gas." Tao Te Ching "41.

"Can not be accurately defined, reasoning can not be accurate, but it is also difficult to have an accurate conclusion, such a realization, is the ancestors of the Chinese people as early as in the clear in the chest, "Tao can be Road, very Road. The name can be arbitrarily named, and this name "I" the concept of "Tao Te Ching". It explains the truth that law and substance are difficult to describe accurately, and that the truth will change with the passage of time and the change of things. The law

Look at the idea of Western philosophy is: all - "is, is not" contradictory law - "nothing can be without, is not" what must be excluded from the law - "is or is not! "Western philosophy is based on inductive and deductive reasoning. This produces various antagonistic contradictions, but also many opposing concepts. : Friends - Peace - Enemies of War, Right and Wrong, ...... As a result, it is easy for Western thinking to go to extremes and completely ignore the middle of the road in the development of things. We all know that the relationship between people, in addition to the enemy, friends as well as non-enemies and non-friends. Ancient Chinese philosophical concepts have long since moved away from the notion of opposites, and their basic point is the Confucian "middle ground". Chinese culture has evolved from the I Ching, in the truth that we understand that extremes must be reversed early and always take "moderate dissatisfaction, their purpose is not to overflow. "Too much is not enough" is a popular concept.

In general, ancient Chinese philosophy, Western philosophical discourse earlier got out of the rut that Western philosophical scholarship had experienced for some time. Ancient Chinese philosophy of the framework or the nature of things, followed by the reader to understand, think. Treated wood side table, suggesting that Chinese philosophy is wooden, rectangular, and therefore even the full description of the table. Like Western philosophers such as Russell, if the description of a table is considered to be very accurate in terms of viewing angle taking into account the change of light, it is difficult to have a precise description of the table. The ancients of China, skipped the confusion of modern western philosophical descriptions of nature.

Due to the influence of the ancient Chinese philosophical concepts of Chinese culture, formed its own characteristics. Chinese calligraphy and painting are Western painting art, not high level. Western painting to modern abstraction, Fauvism is not the reality of realist painting. Chinese painting blank another realm, it sets the mood and feeling of the viewer corresponds to the white clouds, clouds and grass blank can be seen in the grass is the mountain, the mountain can also be seen, it is an impression, it is consistent with the concept of people's minds. Chinese painters paint for the impression of blankness, painting to understand nature. The essence of Chinese painting is "spirit", a pure abstract art. Yes, understanding is what we call the second stage, rational realization. Chinese philosophy does not insist on a precise definition, but only on a description of the essence of things. According to the reader can understand their achievements, understand, know that her destiny is her own good luck. "Fate" is the law of the development of things and has nothing to do with superstition. Inability to understand that philosophy is a lack of moral integrity is their loss. Chinese life as well as language, language philosophy, and according to this mode of thinking. Classical Chinese understand, you understand, "the benevolent see benevolence, the wise see wisdom". No wonder almost even such a scholar Zhu Xi said that his university released the language accurately, while other interpretations may be unclear.

"30 spokes of the hub, which with the jewel of the car think, when it is not, is used to chisel the lattice as a room, when it is not there space. Therefore, Li, with no mind. "Tao Te Ching" chapter 11 describes the philosopher Bertrand Russell, they do not understand that "2 + 2 = 4". Two thousand years ago, when I "disappeared" not "when Western philosophers were still discussing whether the real logic, 2 +2 = 4. Due to the progress of Chinese philosophy, the worldview progress, the Chinese have long been there is no "God" concept. The concept of "God". The destiny of Chinese culture", "Tao" is the law of the development of things. "The Analects of Confucius", "Inheriting the Strange. The strongest evidence that Confucianism does not believe in ghosts. Western philosophy in the 17th century before the Episcopal Church's philosophy of schooling. Only in the materialist school of thought, from which the center of monotheism and materialism can be slowly realized. Although there was discussion of atomism as early as ancient Greece, such a view of the world in a Christian-dominated society was not marketable, it was not dominant, and therefore the level of thought from the level of philosophy in China was higher than the level of philosophy in the West.

The difference between Chinese and Western philosophies can also explain why we can remain in the last hundred years and thousands of years advanced behind the Western world in terms of philosophy is worldview. The entire Western philosophy and methodology. Can be said to come from ancient Greek culture, of which the main representatives are: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Socrates "what is what, and why" model of the question, for the later Western philosophy laid the basic research methods, inquiry-based learning mindset, became the habit of the West. Vagai jumped, will investigate the cause, but also invented the steam engine, Newton saw the apple fell to the ground, but also investigated why so export law "center of gravity". Chinese philosophy is very yin and yang "book of changes", Western philosophy sleepy, how do you define "Chinese thinking is beyond the scope of the definition of the word, and also understand that the pursuit of absolute truth is not. "Tao can be Tao, very Tao name can be name, very name." Ear blessed to see, name, micro; listen to the smell of full ears, the name, said Greece sip a mouthful of full ears to get, the name, said to be razed to the ground. Don't expect it to be a mixture of oil a bit, it won't suddenly find wealth can't be named nor restored without it. Like, whatever the same, not the same is suitable for daze. With time, but after that, the greeting does not reflect on it for the first time. "Yesterday is one: every day is cleared, and the land, God is a spirit, the valley of the financial surplus, the Husbandman is a "world of the world's creatures born of the birth of the world of free thought." "The Tao is born, one life, two lives, two lives three, three lives all things, all negative yin and yang, poisonous gas" ("Tao Te Ching"). It also suffers from the definition of Western philosophy "" how it is accomplished. This can be said of Chinese philosophy, a level above Western philosophy.

It was the advance party of Chinese philosophy that made us unlike the Westerners, "tracking down the bottom of the concept," it should be said that the Chinese sages provided a paradigm for the younger generation to think and learn, and later on, people objected to the confusion of the people who preferred the philosophy, but it also made the Chinese people lose their curious spirit of learning. The idea of "mediocrity", the "too far" model influenced the future of the Chinese people. It is just as well that nowadays students use calculators after some investigations of the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, the square root of the demand for the same, a thousand people could not find a few people who could calculate the square root of PI with the invention of the square root calculator. For decades this has been the case for many who use computers, only know not know how to use the same principles of programming or computer principles and how because there are already good models to facilitate our operations to the complexity of computer programming, we are unlikely.

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Differences in worldview and methodology have led to the gap between Chinese and Western production. However, one of the main factors is the human production technology, accumulated over time, from quantitative to qualitative changes. Like 20 degrees of water being heated to 92 degrees, the quantitative change to qualitative change of water into steam, this is the accumulation of human production technology, realizing the "qualitative change" when Westerners think with such curious habits. This implies a series of contingencies leading to an inevitable result. This lack of positive, conservative, "self-righteous" attitude towards learning and thinking is the reason why the modern scientific and technological revolution did not take place in China, echoing a saying of Mao Zedong: "Pride makes one backward and one makes progress with an open mind. "

Determined differences, the length of understanding. Weakness national renaissance is just around the corner!