Old Siberian Fox: Russian First General Kutsov.

Napoleon fought countless wars in his life, but only a handful of people defeated him. Kutuzov, who took the lead in winning, became the eternal hero of the Russian people. His contribution to the world is not only the victory of the first Great Patriotic War, but also a new way for weak countries to defeat powerful countries. Since then, guerrilla warfare has officially entered the foreground of history. If the Soviet Union in 194 1 year is that God joined the Soviet Union and won the victory in defending Moscow, then what Kutuzov did in Moscow is even more worthy of praise. The first place in the history of Soviet Russia is really deserved. Even his opponent Napoleon called the Russian veteran: the old fox of Siberia.

Mikhail Ilarionovich Goreneshchev-Kutuzov (Russian: михаии) paid attention to encouraging and mobilizing the enthusiasm of soldiers, especially founded the strategic defense thought.

Kutuzov grew up in the war. He was born in 1745 in a family of lieutenant generals and military engineers in St. Petersburg. 1759 stayed in the artillery engineering school to teach after graduation. 176 1 year was promoted to warrant officer, and was transferred to astrakhan Infantry Regiment as company commander at my request. He has worked for less than 1 year, and his work is very fruitful. From 1762, he served as the adjutant of Governor Rival and was promoted to captain in the same year. He served in 1764 to 1765. Under the command of Rumiantsev and suvorov, Kutuzov's combat experience in the Russian-Turkish war in the second half of the18th century is of great significance for him to grow into a military commander. In the Russian-Turkish War of 1768- 1774, Kutuzov served as a queue officer and staff officer, and participated in the decisive battles of pits and graves, the Larga River and the Kagur River, showing courage, fortitude and initiative. Be promoted to major for meritorious service. When he was the army chief of staff, he was the commander's right-hand man. 177 1 year, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel for his meritorious service in the papacy.

1772 to the 2nd regiment of Crimea. 1774 In July, in the battle near Mashu Village (now Kutuzov Ka) north of Arouche Tower, Kutuzov, then the battalion commander, was seriously injured in his sideburns and right eye, so he went abroad for treatment and went to Prussia, Austria, Britain and the Netherlands successively. After returning to China, he worked under suvorov from 65438 to 0776, and suvorov entrusted him with the task of organizing and defending the coast of Crimea. 1777 promoted to colonel, served as the head of Lugansk pike regiment, and later as the head of Mali upor light cavalry regiment. 1782 promoted to brigadier general, 1784 promoted to major general. From 65438 to 0785, he was allowed to form the commander of Bouguer Hunting and Riding Corps. During his time as a commander and training hunting cavalry, he developed new tactical methods for this unit and wrote special guides.

1787- 179 1 At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war in, Kutuzov was ordered to defend the southwestern border of Russia along the Buge River. /kloc-in the summer of 0/788, he led the hunting cavalry to participate in the battle of Ochakov and was injured again. After that, he commanded different regiments to fight in Archeman, Gaoshan and Bentley. 1790 65438+In February, he commanded the 6th column to storm and occupy Izmir with outstanding achievements. Suvorov spoke highly of the combat action of Kutuzov's army. Kutuzov was promoted to lieutenant general and commander of the fortress after he captured Izmir (see the battle of Izmir). After repeatedly repelling the Turkish army that tried to seize Izmir, it launched a surprise attack on June 179 1, and defeated 20,000 to 30,000 Turkish troops near Babadag. In the Battle of Merchin (179 1), Kutuzov skillfully used flexible tactics and dealt a devastating blow to the Turkish army (according to the battlefield terrain and the defense situation of the Turkish army, he listed the troops as five phalanxes. Put the cavalry on the left and violently attack the right-wing highlands of the Turkish army. When the Turkish army counterattacked, Kutuzov arranged five squares in a straight line and placed them on his left wing, which repelled the Turkish army's counterattack. At the end of the battle, Kutuzov took the cavalry around to the Turkish army camp and launched a surprise attack. The Turkish army fled in defeat.

Kutuzov accumulated rich combat experience and constantly improved his knowledge level. By the end of18th century, he had become one of the most famous officers in Russia. Like suvorov, he resolutely abandoned those outdated, rigid routes and tactics that could not give full play to the enthusiasm of his subordinates. We attach great importance to the resolute, flexible, active and extensive use of tactical principles such as mobility in combat. He has always dared to make bold innovations in military art.

Kutuzov is a talented diplomat and politician. 1792 was sent to Turkey as ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. It has solved a series of important problems that are beneficial to Russia and greatly improved the relations between the two countries. From 65438 to 0794, he served as the president of the aristocratic military school of the Army, striving to improve the training of officers: adding courses such as tactics and military history, and attaching importance to cultivating the military responsibility, dauntless spirit and initiative of future officers. Since 1795, he has served as commander and inspector of the troops stationed in Finland. 1798 promoted to infantry general. He also successfully completed his diplomatic mission in Prussia. After only two months in Berlin, Prussia was won over by Russia against France. He once served as the Lithuanian army (1799— 180 1) and the Petersburg army (180 1— 1802). 1802 fell out of favor, was dismissed from the military and lived in his own manor.

1806 failed 1804 Russia joined the alliance against Napoleon I's aggression (see Napoleonic Wars), 1805 Russia * * * sent two armies to Austria, and Kutuzov was the commander-in-chief of one of them. 1In August of 805, 50,000 Russian troops under his command marched into Austria, but the Austrian army was defeated by Napoleon in Ulm before it could join forces with the Russian army (see the Battle of Ulm). As a result, Kutuzov's army faced the enemy alone with great advantage. In order to save the army, Kutuzov made a famous mobile retreat March from Braunau to Olmi in June 1805, defeated Miao La in AmStetten and Mortier in Di Enshtein, which made the Russian army out of the danger of encirclement. This March, as an excellent example of strategic maneuver, has been recorded in the history of Russian military art. Kutuzov originally planned to withdraw his troops from Olmi (now Oulu Jordan Mutch) to the Russian border, so that after Russian reinforcements and Austrian troops from northern Italy arrived, they could turn to resolutely fight back. However, regardless of Kutuzov's opinion, the Allies, urged by Alexander I and Austrian Emperor Franz Ii, turned to attack before they assembled. 12 On February 2nd, the famous battle of Austerlitz began. When Nikolai salter attacked Brazin Highland, he commanded 17000 Russian troops to defend in the middle. Although the French army had the advantage of surprise attack, the number was not more than that of him, and Kutuzov was defeated and fled in two hours. Sirte is known as the first tactician in Europe after World War I, and Alexander I thought he was the main reason for his failure after World War I.. 1September, 806, was demoted to Kiev overseer. 1March 808 was sent to Moldavia as a military commander. Due to disagreement with Commander-in-Chief Marshal Alexander Aleksandrovich Prozorovski on the issue of continuing fighting, he was transferred to the Lithuanian overseer in June 1809.

During the seventh Russian-Turkish war to stabilize the southern front, from 1806 to 18 1 1 year, the Russian army successively changed several commanders-in-chief but failed to win. At this time, Napoleon was preparing to invade Russia, and the situation was very unfavorable to Russia. Alexander I had to appoint Kutuzov as the commander-in-chief of the war against Turkey. After Kutuzov arrived, the Russian army dispatched five divisions to the western border to defend Napoleon. In fact, he only has an army of 46,000 people. At that time, the Russian front was 1000 km long. Therefore, Kutuzov thought: "It is impossible to make such a vast area have enough strength to defend at every point." He decided to give up the straight-line and all-round defensive guards and concentrate the Russian troops in one place, ready to attack the enemy with superior forces at one point. At this time, the Turkish army occupied the strong Shumla fortress. Kutuzov learned that it was "impossible and ineffective" to conquer this fortress, that is, he ordered his troops to retreat to Lashchuk area, with their backs on the Danube River to lure the enemy out of the nest. When the Turkish army saw the Russian troops retreating, they left the Shumla fortress to pursue. Russian troops defeated the Turkish army of 60,000 people in Lashchuk earlier and earlier. At this time, Kutuzov not only did not let the Russian army pursue him, but blew up the fortresses and fortifications here and continued to retreat from the south bank of the Danube to the north bank. This practice has puzzled some officials. He explained: "If we pursue the Turkish army, we may pursue Shumla all the way, but what shall we do next?" We must go back to the army, and the situation is the same as last year ... much better than this is to inspire a friend of mine, Ahamaibai (Turkish Prime Minister), so that he will fall into our hands again. "As expected, Turkish Prime Minister Ahmedabad, with Napoleon's encouragement, increased his strength to 70,000, crossed the Danube with 50,000 people to attack Russian troops, and left 20,000 people on the south bank. At this point, Kutuzov thought that the whole situation had completely changed. His strategy will succeed. Immediately, he will form a light unit of 7,000 people to quickly detour to the south bank of the Danube, raid the army barracks, and then surround the army from the north and south banks of the Danube, winning a great victory. Then the Bucharest Peace Treaty (18 12) was signed with Turkey in favor of Russia. This treaty guaranteed the security of Russia's southwest border and prevented Turkey from taking part in Napoleon's expedition to Russia. This was a great military and diplomatic victory, which improved the strategic situation of Russia before the start of the Great Patriotic War in 18 12. Although the Russian army achieved brilliant results in the war against Turkey, Alexander I once again revoked his leadership position in the army because of his bad feelings towards Kutuzov.

18 12 War 18 12 At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Kutuzov was elected as the commander of the Volunteers in Petersburg and Moscow. After the Russian army abandoned Smolensk, Alexander I appointed Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of the Russian army on August 20 due to the tense military situation and the resolute demands of the military and civilians. On August 29th, Kutuzov returned to the army. His task was to fight Napoleon, and battle of borodino started on September 7th. Less than 10 days before the Asian army. Napoleon tried to destroy the Russian army in this battle, open the road to Moscow, and force Russia to surrender and accept the terms of the peace treaty, but he failed to achieve his goal. Kutuzov decided to give up Borodino's position and then Moscow in order to save the Russian army's combat effectiveness.

After giving up Moscow, Kutuzov secretly carried out the flank Tarutino maneuver (18 12), which made the army avoid the French assault and concentrated in Tarutino village, cutting off Napoleon's access to southern Russia, creating favorable conditions for organizing and preparing for the counterattack. He successfully solved an important problem in a short time: he formed an advantage over Napoleon's army in number. After being strengthened by the reserve army and volunteers, the Russian army took active actions to carry out guerrilla activities in all enemy-occupied areas. Napoleon's army was constantly weakened by the small-scale battles between Russian troops and guerrillas, exhausted and left the base, lacking food and winter clothes, and its morale was greatly reduced.

Kutuzov's activities in Rutino were varied: he commanded the army, managed the provinces declared to be in a state of war, organized reserve troops to supplement the army, launched guerrilla movements and unified guerrilla activities, and strengthened guerrillas with regular troops.

After Napoleon failed to conclude a peace treaty with Russia, he began to retreat from Moscow in June+10/October 65438+September. He originally planned to send troops south, passing through the Kaluga area with grain reserves. However, he lost in the Battle of Chernysia River in June 18 and the fierce battle in Roslavets, Xiaoya on October 24 10, and was forced to retreat from Smolensk Avenue, which had been completely wiped out by the French army. Kutuzov organized the Russian counterattack, which made Napoleon's army constantly hit by the regular army and guerrillas. The French army was in flight, and the remnants were defeated on the Berezina River and fled to the border. Kutuzov wiped out Napoleon's army, which was considered invincible, with flexible strategies and tactics. Kutuzov was awarded the Duke of Smolensk and the first-class George Medal (18 12), which is the highest medal of the army because he commanded the Russian army brilliantly in 18 12.65438.

Russian troops 18 13+06 5438+0 crossed into Western Europe. Kutuzov seriously damaged his health, so he finally failed to take part in the expedition. On April 28th, 2003, 1865438+ died in a small town in Silesia, Ben Ci. After antiseptic treatment, his body was transported back to Petersburg and buried in Kazan Cathedral.

Historical evaluation Overall evaluation Kutuzov has been in the army for more than 50 years and has profound military knowledge. Although he is greedy for drinks, food, sex and sleep, he knows life at best and won't miss anything important. He was one of the most knowledgeable people in the west at that time, and he was proficient in French, German, English, Polish and Turkish. Kutuzov raised Russian military art to a new and higher stage of development. In order to cope with Napoleon's total decisive battle strategy, Kutuzov took a series of battles and campaigns around the unified strategic intention for a longer period of time and in a larger scope in order to win. His strategic characteristics are: resolute action, striving to destroy the enemy, various forms of combat, extensive and bold mobility, and considering the possibility of actual victory. He is the biggest organizer of victory, good at preparing all the conditions needed to destroy the enemy in time and going all out to achieve the main goal. The counterattack in the 18 12 Great Patriotic War is an excellent example of his command art. Kutuzov is an outstanding military theorist, and his progressive views are embodied in the command and fatwa. During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union had the first, second (1942.7.29) and third (1943.2.8) Kutuzov medals. About 7000 people and many regiments, brigades, divisions and military academies have won this medal. 1973, in order to commemorate the Russian army's victory over Napoleon's invading army, the Kutuzov Monument was built in Moscow.

Different countries have different views on Kutuzov. Our country may have a high evaluation because of the rich information and the role of war and peace in the Soviet era. In the west, many comments are quite low. For example, in Napoleon's Guide, Kutuzov was lower than suvorov, Barclays and Bagration, and was limited to be higher than Mark von Le Beric, the defeated soldier of Ulm. Russia (including the Soviet Union) has experienced several ups and downs in its own history. The Russian royal family locked up the "Great suvorov Era" and generally evaluated Kutuzov; After World War I, he became a soldier saint. After the October Revolution, he was once again labeled as "the lackeys of landlords and capitalists"; World War II began to reverse his conviction, becoming a national hero and even becoming a serf; It was not until the disintegration of the Soviet Union that Russian scholars began to comprehensively evaluate this figure. Many friends on the Internet listed Wellington as the second general in the Napoleonic Wars because of their prejudice against him and ignorance of Archduke Karl.

Kutuzov fought about six battles with the French army: Durenstam, Austerlitz, Borodino, Xiaoya Roslavitz, Krasni and Berezin. There are also many contradictions in the data of these campaigns. Durenstam's main battlefield commanders are Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich and Dmitry sergeyev Dokhturov (nicknamed "Iron General"). As a result, some people say that the army won, and some people say that the Russian army won. The failure of Austerlitz and Kutuzov's responsibility statement are not very unified. Borodino's arrangement was good and he played tenaciously, but the conductor couldn't say how wonderful it was. Even the French army misjudged the main attack in the opposite direction and lost more than 40,000 troops and the famous Bagration. Artillery genius Kutaizov was killed while charging infantry bayonets. This loss is the sum of Wellington's losses in dozens of battles in the Peninsula War. Xiaoya Roslavitz was actually played by Dokhturov, and Kutuzov's main function was to finally order the retreat. Krasni was a great victory for Russian troops. Although it was a bit controversial, it was the most wonderful time for veteran commanders. It was beautiful to cut off the long snake array. As for Berezin, Kutuzov only appeared on the last day.

With regard to his strategic role in the Great Patriotic War, general materials have exaggerated the merits and demerits of the Great Patriotic War. The strategy of retreat+harassment doesn't suit him. Strategically, it was a lot of credit from Barclays that led Napoleon to go deep alone. Engels believed that Barclays was the best Russian general in the 18 12 Russian-French war. Maybe Pushkin thought he was too much like a foreigner, so he didn't mention him. When Mikhail bogdanovich Buckley de Tolly was in power, the Cossacks not only attacked the motorcade, but also made the whole French Sebastian Division lose its fighting capacity when it was alone. 18 12 The Battle of Smolensk also caused heavy losses to Dawu, and the famous Gooding was killed. Coupled with poor logistics, injuries and fleeing, when Kutuzov took over, the French Middle Road Corps had only about half of its troops left, and it was not too difficult to win. Return to the army on August 3 1, fight Borodino on September 7, and withdraw from Moscow after 1. It's not completely active. 120,000 people lost44,000, and they can't keep it. In contrast, Barclays voluntarily gave up Smolensk without being at a disadvantage on the battlefield. Of course, this has become an important reason for its unemployment. After that, the French army did not advance on a large scale. A two-week retreat is not a protracted war, and it is also a decision that any wise general should make to withdraw from Moscow with more than 1/3 casualties. When he retreated, it was not difficult to control the whole army. Bagration is dead, Barclays has just been downgraded, and there are not many people to talk about (maybe Leonti Leontijevic Benigue).

The pursuit strategy of counter-offensive is his idea, but this strategy has advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is that you can ensure victory. The disadvantage is that because I marched in the area scraped by the French army, my non-combat losses were not small, and the non-combat losses reached 90,000, and I often missed the fighters. As for his claim not to be deported, it is a foolish idea. One of the reasons why Napoleon was so passive in the strategy of 18 13 was that the allies took the lead, so Napoleon had to try his best to push the front to Austria. If the Russian army slows down, Napoleon, who still controls most of Germany, is likely to make a comeback.