A Complete List of Coal Mines Details

It is an area where human beings mine coal resources in coal-rich mines, which are generally categorized into shaft coal mines and open-pit coal mines. When the coal seam is far away from the surface, generally choose to dig a tunnel underground to extract coal, this is a shaft coal mine. When the coal seam is very close to the surface, it is generally chosen to directly strip the surface soil layer to excavate coal, which is open pit coal mine. The vast majority of coal mines in China are shaft coal mines. The scope of coal mines includes a large area above and below ground as well as related facilities. A coal mine is a reasonable space excavated by humans when digging into a coal-rich geological formation, usually including roadways, shafts, and mining faces. Coal is the primary solid fuel and is a type of combustible organic rock. It is formed by the natural coalization of luxuriant plants that grew in a certain geological period, gradually accumulated into thick layers in a suitable geological environment, and buried under water or in mud and sand over a long geological period. Among the various geological periods in the world, the strata of Carboniferous, Permian, Jurassic and Tertiary have produced the most coal, which is an important coal-forming era. The carbon content of coal is generally 46-97%, and it is brown to black in color, with a dull to metallic luster. Depending on the degree of coalization, coal can be divided into four categories: peat, lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite.

In 2018, Shanxi dissolved coal overcapacity by closing and withdrawing 36 coal mines, with a withdrawal capacity of 23.3 million tons per year.

Basic introduction Chinese name ：coal Foreign name ：coal Classification of coal ：lignite、bituminous coal、anthracite、semi-anthracite Elemental composition ：Carbon、hydrogen、oxygen、nitrogen、sulfur and phosphorus, etc. Main uses ：metallurgy、chemical industry Mining history,Coal mining overview,Coal mine types,Surface mining,Underground mining,Coal production,Coal mining methods,Wall mining,Pillar mining,Water retention coal mining,Other mining methods,Six systems Coal Mining Accidents, Roof Accidents, Gas Dust, Gas Venting, Pit Fires, Flooding, Health Impacts, Environmental Impacts, Surface Water Falls, Staggered Subsidence, Water Pollution, Land Occupancy and Pollution, Vegetation Destruction, Secondary Dust, Distribution of Coal Mines, History of Mining As early as the Neolithic Age, mankind has recorded the use of coal. The primary use of coal was as a fuel. The first commercial coal mines in the United States were located in Midlothian, Virginia, and mining began in 1748. Coal became a major source of energy during the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, and steam trains and steamships began to be the main means of transportation in industrialized countries. The steelmaking industry also required large quantities of coal. Gas was also used for lighting, heating and cooking in cities. Britain invented many underground coal mining technologies in the late 18th century, and from then on coal mining entered the era of large-scale commercial mining. Machines for digging coal were invented around the 1880s; until then, mining involved digging by hand with shovels or pickaxes. By 1912, technological advances in steam excavators made open-pit mining possible. Handling locomotive on rails, 1920 Coal was the main source of industrial and transportation energy in the West from the 18th century to the 1950s. On the other hand, the technology for extracting oil developed considerably in the early 20th century, with the discovery of large-scale oil fields in the United States, the Middle East, and Indonesia. Oil has more advantages as a fuel than coal. Oil and its adjuncts began to become the primary fuel after the 1950s, and soon the steam engine was replaced by the internal combustion engine. By the end of the 20th century, coal was replaced by oil, natural gas, nuclear or renewable energy sources, etc. for a large part of domestic, industrial and transportation use. Beginning in 1890, coal mining also began to be a source of political and social controversy. The use of child labor, exploitation of miners, and poor working conditions led to the formation of trade unions and the rise of socialist ideas. In addition, the extensive use of machinery caused many miners to lose their jobs and created many social problems. Restrictions on environmental standards and the mining of large-scale surface mines in the West led to a sharp decline in underground coal mining in the U.S. after the 1970's. At its peak in 1914, there were 180,000 anthracite miners in the U.S. By 1970 there were only 6,000 left. Asphalt work declined from a peak of 705,000 in 1923 to 140,000 in 1970 and 70,000 in 2003. The active membership of the United Mine Workers (UMW) also declined from 160,000 in 1980 to 16,000 in 2005.The two oil crises of 1973 and 1979 led countries *** to look for alternative sources of energy. While developing new energy sources such as nuclear power, wind power and solar power, the importance of coal has been emphasized again. 1968 Farmington Mine Disaster in West Virginia, USA However, from the 1970s onwards, there was a rise in environmental awareness, and people began to pay attention to issues including landscape damage, air pollution, and other problems associated with burning coal. Burning coal produces more greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxide than oil or natural gas, and may be one of the main causes of global warming and acid rain, compared to other fossil fuels. Coal remains an important source of energy because of its economical price and abundant reserves, especially for power generation. Coal is the most important source of energy in China, with about 80% of China's energy coming from coal combustion in 2005.China became a coal importer for the first time in 2007. According to the statistics of relevant departments, by the end of 2015, the total size of coal mines in the country was 5.7 billion tons. Of the 5.7 billion tons of production capacity, 3.9 billion tons of coal mines were in normal production and renovation, 308 million tons of coal mines were out of production, and 1.496 billion tons of coal mines were newly constructed, reconstructed, and expanded, of which about 800 million tons belonged to unapproved and illegal projects. In December 2018, the Comprehensive Office of the Leading Group of the Iron and Steel and Coal Industry in Shanxi Province to Resolve Overcapacity and Achieve Difficulty in Development issued a public announcement that 36 coal mines were closed and withdrawn from Shanxi's coal overcapacity resolution in 2018, with a withdrawal capacity of 23.3 million tons/year. In March 2019, China Coal Industry Association released the 2018 Annual Report on Coal Industry Development. It is understood that at the end of 2018, the number of coal mines in the country was reduced to about 5,800, and the average production capacity was increased to about 920,000 tons/year. Among them, there are more than 1,200 large coal mines with an annual production capacity of 1.2 million tons and above, and the proportion of production has increased to more than 80%. Overview of Coal Mines Coal mines are reasonable spaces excavated by human beings when digging geological layers rich in coal, usually including roadways, shafts, and mining faces, etc. Coal is the most important solid fuel. Coal is the primary solid fuel and is a type of combustible organic rock. It is formed by the natural coalization of luxuriant plants that grew in a certain geological period, gradually accumulated into thick layers in a suitable geological environment, and buried under water or in mud and sand over a long geological period. Among all the geological periods in the world, the strata of Carboniferous, Permian, Jurassic and Tertiary have produced the most coal, which is an important coal-forming era. The carbon content of coal is generally 46-97%, and it is brown to black in color, with a dull to metallic luster. Depending on the degree of coalization, coal can be divided into four categories: peat, lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite. Surface Mining Coal Mines in Wyoming, USA Coal mining in China must be carried out in accordance with the law, with complete and valid licenses. Implement the "safety first, prevention first, comprehensive management" policy of production safety. Types of Coal Mining Surface Mining Surface mining is more economical when the coal seam is close to the surface. The soil above the coal seam is called topsoil. Explosives are planted in the undeveloped topsoil zone, and the topsoil is then removed using equipment such as dredges, excavators, and trucks. This topsoil is then filled into previously mined pits. Once the topsoil is removed, the coal seams are exposed; the coal is then drilled or blown up and trucked to a coal processing plant for further processing. Surface mining can yield a greater percentage of coal than underground mining because more of the mine area is utilized. Surface mining can cover an area of several square kilometers. About 40% of the world's coal production is by opencast mining. Surface Mining Underground Mining Most coal seams are far from the surface, so surface mining cannot be used. Underground mining accounts for 60% of the world's coal production. In pits, the room-and-pillar method is usually used to advance through coal seams, with beams and pillars used to support the pit. ***There are four main underground mining methods: Underground mining Longwall mining - a face that is approximately 300 meters or more long. A sophisticated coal miner moves from side to side through the coal seam roadway. Loose coal falls into a scraper conveyor and is moved out of the face. Continuous Mining - A machine with a tungsten carbide drill bit is used to scrape coal from the seam. Operating in a "Room and Pillar" system - working in a series of roomy areas of approximately 10 meters. Blast Mining - the traditional method of mining. Explosives are used to break up the coal seam and the pieces are collected in wagons or haulage belts. Short Wall Mining - uses machines that mine continuously. Similar to longwall mining with movable pit top supports. Coal production Coal is mined commercially in more than 50 countries. The world produces about 5,370 million metric tons of hard coal in a year (2006 estimate). Most countries in the world have coal reserves. In terms of production to consumption, proven coal reserves are estimated to last another 147 years. Integrated Mining Machine Coal Mining Methods There are many different types of coal mining methods, and the methods used in the world's major coal-producing countries are generally categorized into two main types: wall and pillar. These two different types of coal mining methods, both from the coal mining system, and mining process are very different. According to different geological and technical conditions of the mine, there can be different coal mining system and coal mining technology, thus constituting a variety of coal mining methods. For example, under different geological and technical conditions, longwall mining method, pillar mining method or other coal mining methods can be used, while the longwall and pillar mining method in the coal mining system and coal mining technology is very different. It can be concluded that the coal mining method is composed of two parts: the coal mining process and the layout of the roadway back to mining. Wall mining wall mining method is characterized by longer coal wall, the two ends of the face of the roadway were used as air inlet and air return, coal and material transport, the coal parallel to the direction of the coal wall out of the face, China's wall mining method of mining coal seams. Wall mining method pillar mining pillar mining method is characterized by short square pillar-shaped coal wall, the number of working faces at the same time mining more, the mined coal is transported perpendicular to the direction of the working face. Water Conservation Coal Mining The concept of water conservation coal mining has drawn China's first planning map for coal mining methods to control the ecological water level, which will also become an important scientific basis for China to guide the northwest water-scarce area to realize the coordinated development of coal mining and ecological environment in the future. Other Mining Methods 1. Strike Longwall Mining Method, a coal mining method in which the longwall face advances along the strike direction. Inclined longwall mining method, the coal mining method in which the longwall face advances along the inclined direction. 3、Inclined stratified coal mining method, thick coal seam along the inclined face division of stratified coal mining method. 4、Long wall top coal mining method, mining more than 6 meters of gently sloping and then gently sloping thick coal seams, first mining out the coal at the bottom of the coal seam long wall face of the coal, followed by the release of the upper top coal mining method. 5、Covering bracket mining method. In the sharp inclined coal seam, the coal mining face is arranged along the strike direction, and the cover bracket is used to separate the open area and the working space, and the coal mining method is advanced to the downward inclined. 6、Pseudo-inclined flexible cover bracket mining method. In the sharp inclined coal seam, pseudo-inclined arrangement of coal mining face, with flexible cover bracket to separate the mining air space and working space along the strike advancement of the coal mining method. 7. Inverted step mining method. In the stage or section of sharply inclined coal seam, the lower part of the step-form working face is arranged in advance, and the coal mining method is advanced along the strike. 8、Positive step mining method. In the stage or section of a sharply inclined seam, the coal mining method is to arrange the upper part of the step-form working face in the pseudo-diagonal direction and advance it along the strike direction. 9. Horizontal layered coal mining method. It is a method of coal mining in which thick coal seams are divided into layers along the horizontal plane. 10、Slope cutting stratified coal mining method. It is a method of mining coal along the sloping surface which is 25 degrees to 30 degrees from the horizontal surface in the thick and sharp sloping coal seams. 11, room and pillar type coal mining method along the roadway every certain distance first mining coal room until the border, and then back out of the coal room between the coal pillar mining method. 12、House type coal mining method. Along the roadway every certain distance to open the coal room, between the coal room to retain the coal pillar to support the roof of the coal mining methods. 13、Warehouse mining method. The coal will be temporarily stored in the mined space in the sharply sloping coal seam, and after the coal body in the warehouse is mined out, then the coal mining method of releasing the stored coal in turn. Six systems: coal mining system, tunneling system, electromechanical system, transportation system, ventilation system, drainage system, referred to as "mining machine transportation" + drainage system. In addition, China will establish and improve the six systems of underground safety and risk avoidance, such as monitoring and control, personnel positioning, emergency evacuation, pressure wind self-rescue, water supply and rescue, and communication and liaison, etc. Coal Mine Accidents Roof Plate Accidents Roof Plate Disasters are the most common and easy to occur accidents in coal mines. Among the five major coal mine disasters (coal dust, water, fire, gas, roof), roof accidents rank first among all types of coal mine accidents in terms of both the number of occurrences and the number of deaths. As the working face is mined, the roof rock layer above the coal seam loses its support, the original pressure balance is destroyed, and the roof of the coal seam deforms and destroys under the action of the pressure of the overlying rock layer. If we do not support in time or the support strength is not enough, it is easy to make the roof rock layer of the working face fracture and fall, resulting in casualties and loss of property and equipment, which is what we call the roofing accident. Gas Dust The presence of gas (methane, etc.) often accompanies coal seams. Gas can easily cause explosions. Therefore, when working in a confined space, the gas concentration needs to be monitored frequently. If there is a certain concentration of dust in the gas, an explosion may also be caused by a spark. Dust is fine in size but large in relative proportion to its surface. If there is sufficient oxygen in the surrounding air, it will be very sensitive to combustion reactions. Air pollution is thought to be related to the burning of large quantities of coal Gas injection Gas itself is harmless, but sometimes accompanied by toxic gases such as carbon monoxide. If large quantities of gas are ejected at once, the likelihood of a gas explosion usually increases rapidly. pit fire The worst case scenario in a coal mine accident. Unlike ordinary fires, there are many combustibles (coal) around in large quantities. If the pit is blocked by heat and smoke, and a lack of oxygen occurs, there are usually significant casualties. Flooding An accident that occurs when a mine collapses under water (near the bottom of a sea, a lake or a reservoir) is a much worse scenario than a pit fire, with little chance of survival. Massive floodwaters engulf the pit in a very short period of time, killing the entire workforce. Often survivors cannot be rescued, remains cannot be recovered, and the pit is likewise abandoned. Water surges and water penetration are also possible when coal is mined over pressurized water and when mining is resumed in areas damaged by small coal kilns. There are far more water-surge and small-coal-kiln transmissibility accidents underground than there are coal-mining transmissibility accidents under bodies of water. The frequent occurrence of coal mine accidents, mainly related to poor gas management, airbag-type rapid confinement is the Tangshan Kailuan Coal Mine safety experts Liu Chilun's patented technology, for the ventilation of the roadway, to prevent gas explosions, to prevent fires have a great role. Health impacts Chronic lung diseases such as pneumoconiosis were once very common among miners, leading to reduced life expectancy. Pneumoconiosis is still very common in some mining countries; there are about 4,000 cases of black lung a year in the United States (of which about 1,500 are ex-miners) and about 10,000 new cases a year in China. Environmental impacts Coal mining has multiple impacts on the environment. Surface coal mining renders land unusable. Acid mine drainage from coal washing plants can seep into rivers, causing ecological pollution or adverse effects on human health. The environmental pollution and ecological damage caused by coal mining is becoming more and more prominent, and the main manifestations are: Surface water fall As a result of the large amount of mine water being discharged during the coal mining process, the groundwater level drops, causing surface water to fall. Misalignment and subsidence As a result of the large amount of coal mine water pumped out of the mine, the bearing capacity of the upper bottom of the mine has declined, coupled with the fact that most of the small kiln coal wells do not take precautionary measures, such as reserving coal pillars, during the mining process, and some of the small kiln coal wells have even wantonly mined and damaged the coal pillars reserved for the state-owned coal mines, resulting in misalignment of the strata and subsidence of the ground surface. Water Pollution The concentration of suspended solids and other pollutants in mine wastewater is high, especially mine water flowing through coal seams containing sulfurous iron ore, which is very acidic. According to the sampling and testing of mine wastewater in the mining area around ShuiZaiBian in NanKeng Town, the average concentration of suspended solids is 280 mg/L, the average concentration of chemical oxygen consumption is 530 mg/L, the concentration of sulfate ions is as high as 2500 mg/L, and the lowest PH value is only 2.7. This kind of mine wastewater, if it is discharged without being processed, will seriously pollute the surface water bodies, silt up the rivers and farmland channels, and cause the soil to be compacted, and have a great impact on the crops. The impact on crops is great. Occupying land and pollution The coal gangue discharged from coal mines is generally piled up nearby. With the increasing amount of stockpile, the land area of the stockpile also expands year by year. After weathering, rain erosion and spontaneous combustion of coal gangue, the weathering layer on its surface enters the atmosphere under the action of wind, seriously polluting the atmospheric environment. Vegetation destruction Coal mining requires a lot of wood, according to the average consumption of tons of coal production pit wood 150 cubic meters. The city's coal mining industry alone needs to consume about 100,000 cubic meters of wood a year, such a large timber shortfall forced the coal mines to acquire wood through multiple channels, objectively contributing to indiscriminate logging, so that the ratio of nursery and logging disproportionate. At the same time, due to the decline in the water table, the water content of the surface aquifer is reduced, which also affects the growth of vegetation. Secondary dust A considerable part of coal is transported by cars, and the phenomenon of spilling is very serious, and a large amount of coal is lost, making the streets dusty In order to effectively prevent and control the environmental pollution and ecological damage caused by the process of coal mining, and to make the ecological environment of the coal mine area gradually step into the benign circle of development, the following countermeasures are proposed: I. Strengthening the comprehensive management of mine wastewater and the regional environment (a) To carry out the existing wastewater management facility (a) The existing wastewater management facilities should be remodeled. Repair and renovate the aging and damaged wastewater treatment facilities and equipments, so as to ensure that the wastewater from the mines meets the standard in a long-term and stable way. (ii) Treating wastewater discharged from some abandoned mines. Although some coal mines have stopped coal mining, there is still mine wastewater (commonly known as old hole water) discharged. The main reason is that the coal mining roadways of some coal mines are indirectly connected to each other, and all the mine wastewater is discharged from the shaft with the lowest elevation, and the iron ions in the sulfurous iron ore in the rock faults and weathering layer of the original old roadways are leached out, resulting in high concentrations of iron ions and sulfate ions in the wastewater, which seriously pollutes the water environment. Therefore, the wastewater discharged from some of the abandoned mines must be treated by constructing sedimentation tanks, wells throwing lime and other agents, and then discharged after neutralization, reaction and precipitation treatment to meet the standards. (iii) Comprehensive management of some areas with serious environmental pollution and ecological damage. First, the siltation of the river for dredging, dredging, bank protection; second is a good water conservation project, generally should be in the mining area at the point of confluence of surface runoff construction of sewage precipitation treatment ponds and so on. Second, improve the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue The main way to comprehensively utilize the gangue in our city is to generate electricity and make bricks, the annual use of about 650,000 tons, but compared with the amount of stockpile, it can be said that the use of very small, and the use of a single pathway. Efforts must be made to explore new ways to comprehensively utilize the gangue, in order to "eliminate" the gangue mountain in the shortest possible time. Measures that can be taken are: (a) to improve the comprehensive utilization of gangue power generation; (b) the use of gangue instead of clay brick; (c) the use of gangue backfill disposal: 1, gangue backfill mining area; 2, gangue to do the project fill materials. Third, do a good job of mining area vegetation restoration and gangue dump cover vegetation (a) the implementation of closed forest, take grass, artificial afforestation and sparse forest supplementation way, improve the surface of water conservation, maintain soil and water conservation capacity. (ii) For the gangue that cannot be digested temporarily in the short term, formulate practical and feasible protection planning, programs and measures. Forest is suitable for forest, grass is suitable for grass, Nuhao coal gangue dumps of mulch vegetation protection work. Sentralia, Pennsylvania, USA (Centralia) underground pit fires since 1962 continued to burn for more than 40 years, resulting in groundwater evaporation, ground subsidence. The veins of the mine extend throughout the town, causing fires to break out in the ground. The population of the town has declined from 2,000 in its heyday to 9 in 2007. In summary, the development and utilization of natural resources is the material basis for social and economic development. Coal resources are a limited, non-renewable natural mineral resource, which gradually decreases with mining and utilization until it is exhausted, and cannot be sustainably utilized in the long run. Non-renewable mineral resources development and utilization of the concept of sustainable development should be both to focus on resource utilization you, to achieve the optimal allocation of resources, can not cause a lot of damage to resources at the expense of mineral resources development; but also focus on the development and utilization of resources in the process of economic, social and ecological and environmental benefits, to deal with the development of the house before the relationship between the development of the future development and take the road of resource development, environmental coordination, sustainable development. Coal Mine Distribution Coal mine distribution Shanxi Province: Datong, Yangquan, Taiyuan, Luliang, Changzhi, Jincheng, Xinzhou, Shuozhou, Linfen Heilongjiang Province: Shuangyashan, Jixi, Hegang, Qitaihe, Mishan Shandong Province: Jining, Zaozhuang, Tai'an, Longkou, Heze Inner Mongolia: Ordos, Wuhai, Hulunbeier, Xilinguole, Alxa League Shaanxi Province: Yulin, Tongchuan, Shenmu Liaoning Province: Fuxin, Fushun, Mt. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region: Ningdong Jiangsu Province: Xuzhou Sichuan Province: Panzhihua Guizhou Province: Liupanshui Anhui Province: Huaibei, Huainan, Mengcheng, Huiyang Henan Province: Pingdingshan Zhengzhou, Jiaozuo, Xuchang, Sanmenxia, Yongcheng Hebei Province: Kailuan, Fengfeng, Jingfuzu, Handan, Zhangjiakou Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: Jundong, Tuha, Qubai, Yili Gansu Province: Yogai, Jingyuan, Huating Yunnan Province: Qujing, Zhaotong, Wenshan, Baoshan, Kaiyuan, Lishan Yunnan Province: Qujing, Zhaotong, Wenshan, Baoshan, Kaiyuan, Lijiang

.