Analyze the art form in the early Renaissance and its influence on western art later.

Renaissance is not a simple repetition of ancient Greek and Roman culture, but marks the germination of bourgeois culture and reflects the requirements of the emerging civil class. Under the banner of humanism, the arts and crafts of the Renaissance, like painting, sculpture and architecture, created a brand-new situation, and its supporters were city citizens, businessmen and craftsmen of various guilds. Compared with the Middle Ages, the arts and crafts of the Renaissance have undergone several important changes: first, the activity center of arts and crafts gradually got rid of the control of the church, and the court workshops of feudal monarchs appeared, that is, the so-called religious arts and crafts became court arts and crafts, of course, this is only in its main aspects; Second, the production of handicrafts is more closely related to people's daily needs, leading to unprecedented prosperity of arts and crafts; Third, although arts and crafts are restricted by materials and practical factors, generally speaking, the expression of artists' creative personality is not obvious, but the handicrafts of this period can better reflect the artists' creative enthusiasm, indicating that the artists' talents and wisdom have been fully exerted; Fourth, the traditional arts and crafts in the Middle Ages, such as sacred book binding and precious metal handicrafts, have declined, while wooden furniture, glassware and pottery that meet the needs of the general public and have low material value have gained broad development. In addition, Renaissance arts and crafts seem to pay more attention to the proportion and sense of harmony in all aspects, such as modeling or color. For example, interior decoration and furniture design pay attention to the coordination with the proportion and color of various parts of the building, and the modeling of general utensils also takes into account the factors of applicability and convenience.

European Renaissance Art

From the second half of14th century to the end of16th century, Europe was in a transitional period from feudal society to capitalist society. The dark Middle Ages collapsed day by day, and new capitalist relations of production gradually formed.

The germination of the new capitalist economy within the feudal system will inevitably lead to the corresponding ideology and cause changes in the ideological and cultural system. When the emerging bourgeoisie could not establish its own political power, in order to get rid of the shackles of feudal autocracy from both material and spiritual aspects, they first made changes in the ideological and cultural fields, created public opinion, shook the old spiritual system, and formed a magnificent cultural innovation movement, which was called the "Renaissance" in history.

The guiding ideology of the Renaissance is humanism, which advocates taking the secular "man" as the center and affirms that "man" is the creator and enjoyment of real life. They advocated that humanity should be used to oppose the divinity of the church, human rights should be used to oppose the theocracy in the Middle Ages, and humanity should be used to oppose the Shinto defending the feudal system. They oppose religious asceticism and the concept of afterlife, praise secular life and despise heaven; Advocating the liberation of personality, and promoting personal secular happiness above all else. At the same time, humanists from noble families laugh at the ignorance of monks, denounce scholasticism and mysticism, advocate rationality, explore nature and pursue scientific knowledge. Literature and art are required to express people's thoughts and feelings, science should seek happiness for life, and education should develop people's personality. In addition, humanists also support centralized economic development, oppose separatism and foreign interference, and demand national independence and unity.

Under the influence of humanism, artistic creation has also undergone corresponding changes, showing distinct characteristics of the times. Art is no longer a slave to religious theology, but begins to depict secular people and their real lives in subject matter. Even religious myths have injected humanity and people's thoughts and feelings, turning God into a secular person. In the way of expression, it advocates facing nature, taking nature as a teacher, rationally explaining nature, and introducing scientific achievements to shape artistic images. Perspective and anatomy became the two pillars of artistic modeling in the Renaissance. Artists in this period are usually craftsmen, scientists, architects, painters and sculptors. This is an era of giants, so that countless outstanding artists appear in the sky of Europe like bright stars, illuminating the "Millennium-old shop"

Renaissance originated in Italy, and then gradually spread to other European countries, with different forms in different regions and countries. In Italy, it shows achievements in painting, sculpture and architecture, and in Germany, it shows the peasant war and the religious reform movement.

Italian Renaissance Art

The European Renaissance first originated in Italy in the14th century. As Engels said, the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the capitalist era today are characterized by the Italian poet Dante (1265- 132 1), who is the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era.

Italy, located in the middle of the Mediterranean region, was the center of the world's largest trade zone in the Middle Ages. Florence, Milan and Venice were all land and water transportation hubs and trade distribution centers at that time, where industry and commerce and budding capitalism first appeared, and also the birthplace of the Renaissance.

The so-called Renaissance is a revolution in the ideological field initiated by the emerging bourgeoisie against the revival of people-oriented science and culture in ancient Greece and Rome, which was strangled by religion in the Middle Ages. The manuscripts rescued from the Byzantine demise and the ancient statues excavated from the ruins of Rome reproduce the glorious image of that era. People waved the banner of "Go back to Greece". In fact, the emerging bourgeoisie summoned the dead of ancient Greece not to rebuild the slavery culture, but to borrow science, philosophy and humanities that are beneficial to the needs of the bourgeoisie; It is to borrow their names, battle slogans and coats, so as to put on this prestigious costume and use this borrowed language to interpret new scenes in the modern history of the world. As a descendant of ancient Rome, Italy is the direct successor of ancient Greek and Roman culture, which is unique and unparalleled.

The Italian Renaissance first developed in Florence, and then spread to other regions, forming some painting schools with both artistic achievements and local characteristics in Florence. In addition to the powerful Florentine School, Leonardo da Vinci also went to Milan to serve the Grand Duke of Milan and formed the Milan School of Painting. Bramante, Michelangelo and Raphael went to Rome to serve the Pope, and formed a Roman painting school with the characteristics of monument, grandeur, solemnity and strength. In the16th century, Venice, which was strictly forbidden, was recognized as the last master to reach the peak of Renaissance art after Florence's glory. Reto.

The Italian Renaissance can be divided into early stage, prosperous stage and late stage. At first, Florence was the center, from Giotto to Botticelli; The heyday was mainly marked by the artistic achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael. In the later period, it was the Venetian school represented by Titian.

Florence became the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance because of its geographical and natural conditions. Located on the banks of the Arno River, it is the main road of land and water transportation, with developed handicraft industry and commercial trade. Have a deep foundation of ancient Rome and medieval civilization; The demand for art in various stages of society, especially the promotion and protection of artistic creation by the rulers represented by medici family, promoted the prosperity and development of art. As a representative of the early Renaissance, Florence formed its own distinctive personality characteristics in artistic concepts, artistic themes and artistic expressions: the artistic content is still dominated by traditional Christian biblical stories, but since Giotto, painters have tried to explore how to inject secular real life into the image-building of God, pulling God from the altar to mankind and making them create religions. Therefore, they successfully introduced science, applied anatomy, perspective and optical principles to artistic creation, and shaped real characters and real spatial relations; Artistic language emphasizes light and dark sketch modeling, and composition pursues symmetry, balance and harmony.

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael dominated the painting world, marking the arrival of the Renaissance. In their artistic creation, they not only directly depict real people in real life with their names, but also entrust their social ideals, aesthetic ideals and thoughts and feelings with religious myths and stories. They all showed great artistic achievements in Florence, Milan and Rome, and set up monuments of painting and sculpture with their wisdom and strength.

After the glorious course of Florence School ended, Venice School flourished.

Venice is located on the Adriatic Sea, with its back to the Italian peninsula and facing the east. It is an Italian maritime city completely different from Florence and Rome. It is the center of commerce and trade, the market where capitalists gather, and the paradise worshipped by secular people. It is like priceless jewelry embedded in Italian leather boots. The Venetians claimed that their hometown was a "treasure chest of the world" and a paradise for adventurers, nobles and capitalists to have fun. In this luxurious and splendid city, the dominant position is not science and knowledge, but beauty, especially painting art, because it can not only create beauty, but also make realistic beauty and ideal beauty last forever through the images in painting. Although painters have no social status, they often become guests of the Pope, the king and the aristocratic bourgeoisie. In this city, great painters giorgione, Titianyi and their disciples Willoni and Tintoretto who can keep pace with Florence were born.

Art is the reflection of the objective world in the artist's mind and the image crystallization of all civilizations, so the artistic style will be influenced and restricted by the ideological trend of the times and the natural environment. As Venice is the center of maritime trade and commerce and the capital of a scenic water town, the art produced here is very different from Florence in both content and form.

Florence's fine arts tend to be religious bibles, while Venice is more about depicting ancient Greek myths and stories. Love and enjoyment are the main themes, such as love, binge drinking and naked goddess. The image of the picture is full of passion and imagination, filled with a lively, clear and happy atmosphere; There is almost no sadness and sadness. Divines has plump skin, blond hair and gorgeous clothes. She is a delicate and charming woman in the upper class of Venice, emitting the light of human nature. In order to cater to the pleasure needs of princes and nobles, painters not only depict beautiful naked women, but also match them with beautiful natural scenery. In order to fully express this beauty, painters attach great importance to the creation of colors, and they are very good at discovering and showing infinite colorful color changes from nature. If the painters in Florence attach importance to sketch and respect the symmetry, balance and harmony of composition, then the painters in Venice strive to convey color and passion, which laid the foundation for the development of modern European oil painting.

The perspective of the picture space is exaggerated, and the characters are deformed, such as stretching the human body and strength, and the people in the painting are often squeezed into a narrow space and have the feeling of rushing out of the picture; Color inadvertently reproduces the objective and natural appearance, focusing on conveying the painter's subjective feelings. In sculpture, it can adapt to all-round viewing and give the audience a comfortable and pleasant feeling.

The representative painter is Rosso? Florence, Jacob? Da? Pontomo, Palmagiano, Haguenau Lo? Blanzy, etc. The sculptors are Giambologna and cellini.

Stylistism

Style doctrine, also known as emotionalism or stylism, refers to a special artistic phenomenon in the transition period from Italian Renaissance art to Baroque art, which is different from the lofty harmony of Baroque art in the Renaissance and the later period. Historians call the artistic style of this period "emotionalism" or "stylism". Artists consciously pursue a more extreme form and are keen to express their inner turmoil and depressed emotions with complex images and actions.

The main characteristics of Stylistic art are: a considerable number of subjects are nude figures, with strange and twisted postures, muscular exaggeration and obscure ideological contents; The plot in the painting often does not appear in the visual center and is vaguely in a secondary position.

The essence of all renaissance new arts is the same, and it is a struggle between the humanistic worldview with people as the main body and the worldview with God as the main body. However, different nationalities have their own unique artistic creativity in different cultural and traditional backgrounds. With the help of the rich heritage of ancient Greek and Roman civilization, the Italian Renaissance broke through the shackles of medieval religious art, while the Netherlands only had the tradition of medieval Gothic art without the support and cooperation of advanced Italian science and philosophy, so the artists' ideas were updated slowly and the Renaissance art developed tortuous.

Italy is located in a maritime climate, and the walls of church buildings are large, which is suitable for murals, while the Netherlands is humid and there are many windows in Gothic classrooms, which is not suitable for murals. Because of the small space, paintings on shelves are popular in the Netherlands (painted on flat materials such as boards and can be moved). The picture is small and fine, forming a fine and exquisite painting style, similar to meticulous painting, so fine that portraits can be drawn on the button-sized area. This miniature painting originally used rubber powder painting. Later, in order to pursue fine color expression, the painter painted oil on the rubber base, which was called rubber powder oil painting. Later painter Fan? Ike brothers reformed the color painting materials of oil painting, and used appropriate color oil to blend colors, so oil painting came out. Therefore, later generations called the Van Eyck brothers the founders of oil painting.

German Renaissance Art

/kloc-in the 0/5th century, Germany was still in a state of feudal separatism, but in some production departments, capitalist production relations have emerged and industry and commerce have developed significantly. Germany is famous for its developed printing and publishing industry. When the capitalist relations of production gradually formed and began to impact and destroy the foundation of the feudal system, sharp class struggle arose, and finally the great war of workers and peasants and the religious reform movement broke out. In the field of culture, it triggered and promoted the formation and development of humanities and arts, and reached a high level of prosperity.

German Renaissance art originated in15th century. The first half is dominated by architecture, supplemented by sculpture and painting. After the middle period, painting, as a more sensitive and convenient means of propaganda, developed rapidly, surpassing architecture. During this period, architecture still adhered to the Gothic tradition. Painting still maintains the Gothic tradition, and still uses golden backgrounds and simple decorative techniques. Gothic architecture restricted the development of murals and led to the extreme development of altar paintings. At that time, the altar painting changed dramatically, that is, the depiction of secular life and natural environment appeared, and the painter's composition and image-building began to transcend plane and decoration, paying attention to the exploration and expression of space and object volume.

In the era when God dominates the world, the image in art is only a symbol of some dogmatic concept. Since Giotto started modern art, artists have been striving for personalized expression of characters. Leonardo da Vinci first created 13 distinctive artistic images in The Last Supper. The diversity of personality is realized by artists, and individual and single things are recognized and expressed in works of art. If Italians create the expression of personality in art, then German painters should be the most able to fully express personality.

German art is the most personalized, and the expression of emotion in artistic creation is the most important. Goethe believes that the German character is "emotion is everything". In their view, there is no art without emotion. Therefore, German painters have keen observation and perfect expressive force on characters. They observe men and women, pursue inner things and pay attention to depicting spiritual temperament. In portrait painting, Germans are masters.

The humanistic art in the German Renaissance came into being, developed and prospered in the peasant war and the religious reform movement. In this development process, influenced by the advanced culture and science of Italian Renaissance, the greatest German artists Diu Lei and holbein were born in16th century.

Nederland Renaissance Art

In Renaissance Europe, in addition to Italy becoming the pioneer of culture and art, various countries and regions north of the European Alps, with cities as the center, gradually emerged the dawn of new culture and art. As far as painting art is concerned, the Netherlands and Germany at that time have become another prosperous place of painting in the European Renaissance.

The word "Netherlands" means low-lying land, including the lower reaches of the Rhine River, the Muse River, the Mulder River and the coastal areas of the North Sea, which is equivalent to parts of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and northeastern France today. It faces the Atlantic Ocean and Britain, and the south is connected with the whole western Europe through the Rhine River. As early as the Middle Ages, it became one of the major international trade centers in the North because of its geographical advantages. 13 and 14 centuries, the handicraft industry here, especially the wool spinning industry, was quite developed. In the15th century, especially in the early16th century, due to the further development of Dutch trade and wool spinning industry, urban construction was extremely rapid. Among them, Bruges, ypres, Ghent and Liè ge are the most prosperous cities. At the same time, in the struggle with feudal lords, citizens gained a series of privileges for the development of the city, thus gaining relative independence. In addition, due to the royal marriage and agreement, most parts of the Netherlands became the territory of the powerful Burgundy Principality, which completed the initial political unity and promoted the rapid development of Dutch cities. Therefore, the Netherlands at that time has become the only advanced region in Europe that can be compared with Italy. Although the Italian Renaissance broke through the prison of the Middle Ages with great momentum and developed rapidly, the Dutch art is still in the late stage of Gothic art, but this does not hinder the Dutch national art form, especially making creative contributions to the emergence and development of European oil painting art. At the same time, we can see Nederland artists working in the court of urbino and appreciate the works of Master Nederland in the church of Florence. The oil painting techniques and woodcut techniques they created also attracted Italian painters.

/kloc-Holland has not yet formed its own independent artistic system in the 0/4th century, and its artistic activities are mainly closely related to France. At that time, many Dutch sculptors and painters were active in France, and a large number of Dutch artists' works were left in the courts of duke of burgundy and the Duke of Burry, two major French art patrons. At the same time, in the south of France, Pope Yu once settled in Avignon, so Italian art, especially Siena School, was very popular here, and its great influence was as far away as Paris, the center of artistic activities at that time. Therefore, Dutch artists were influenced by Italian art through France.