What does a commercial bank mean?

Bank characteristics

(1) Commercial banks, like general industrial and commercial enterprises, are profit-oriented enterprises. There are also its own fun

Bank characteristics

(1) Commercial banks, like general industrial and commercial enterprises, are profit-oriented enterprises. There are also its own funds needed to engage in business activities, which are operated according to law, taxed according to regulations, and self-financing. Like other enterprises, it aims at profit.

(2) Commercial banks are special enterprises different from general industrial and commercial enterprises. Its particularity is reflected in the different business objects. Industrial and commercial enterprises are engaged in the production and circulation of commodities with certain use value; Commercial banks, on the other hand, deal in special commodities with financial assets and financial liabilities as their business objects. The business includes currency receipt and payment, lending and various financial services related to or associated with currency movement. From the perspective of social reproduction process, the operation of commercial banks is the condition for the operation of industrial and commercial enterprises. Different from ordinary industrial and commercial enterprises, commercial banks have become a special kind of enterprises-financial enterprises.

(3) Commercial banks are different from specialized banks. The business and functions of commercial banks are more comprehensive. They operate all financial "retail" business (store service) and "wholesale business" (large credit business) and provide all financial services to customers. Specialized banks only focus on the business within the specified scope and provide specialized services. With the relaxation of financial control in western countries. The business scope of specialized banks is also expanding, but compared with commercial banks, there is still a big gap; Commercial banks have advantages in operation. ?

correlation function

The functions of commercial banks are determined by their nature and have five basic functions: regulating economy means that commercial banks regulate the shortage of funds in various sectors of society through their credit intermediary activities, and at the same time realize the adjustment of economic structure, consumption proportion investment and industrial structure under the guidance of the central bank's monetary policy and other national macro policies. In addition, commercial banks can adjust their balance of payments through their financing activities in the international market.

Because of its extensive functions, commercial banks have a great influence on the whole social and economic activities and occupy a special and important position in the whole financial system and even the national economy. With the development of market economy and the integration of global economy, commercial banks have highlighted the development trend of functional diversification in 20 12. On the basis of credit intermediary function and payment intermediary function, commercial banks have appeared credit creation function.

Commercial banks are banks that can absorb all kinds of deposits and issue loans with all kinds of deposits absorbed. On the basis of cheque circulation and transfer settlement, loans are derived into deposits. On the basis of not withdrawing cash or completely withdrawing cash from such deposits, we will increase the sources of funds for commercial banks and eventually form derivative deposits several times as many as the original deposits in the whole banking system.

For a long time, commercial banks are the only financial institutions that can absorb demand deposits and open checking accounts, and on this basis, transfer and check circulation have emerged. Commercial banks create and reduce demand deposits through their own credit activities. If there is not enough loan demand and the deposit cannot be loaned, it will not be created, because the deposit is only derived from the loan; On the contrary, if the loan is repaid, the derivative deposit will shrink accordingly.

The degree of shrinkage is consistent with the degree of derivation. Therefore, for commercial banks, deposit absorption plays a very important role in their operations. Credit intermediary Credit intermediary is the most basic function of commercial banks, which can best reflect the characteristics of their business activities. The essence of this function is to concentrate all kinds of idle money in the society in the bank through the debt business of the bank, and then invest it in various economic sectors through the asset business; As the intermediary or representative of both borrowers and lenders of monetary funds, commercial banks realize the financing and obtain interest income from the difference between the cost of absorbing funds and the interest income of loans and investment income, thus forming bank profits. Commercial banks have become "big businessmen" buying and selling "capital goods". [5] Commercial banks realize financing between capital surplus and deficiency through the function of credit intermediary, without changing the ownership of monetary capital, but only changing the right to use monetary capital. Payment intermediary commercial banks not only act as credit intermediaries and finance monetary funds, but also perform monetary management functions. Through the transfer of deposits in the account, you can pay on behalf of customers, pay cash for customers on the basis of deposits, and become the currency keeper, cashier and payment agent of industrial and commercial enterprises, groups and individuals.

Taking commercial banks as the center, a payment chain and the relationship between creditor's rights and debts with no beginning and no end are formed in the economic process. With the development of economy, the business environment of industrial and commercial enterprises is becoming more and more complicated, and the business competition between banks is becoming more and more fierce. Due to extensive contacts and well-informed information, especially the wide application of computers in banking business, banks have the conditions to provide information services and consulting services for customers, and "decision support" services for enterprises have emerged. The development of specialized production and circulation of industrial and commercial enterprises requires that many money businesses that originally belonged to enterprises be transferred to banks.

Personal consumption has also developed from simple money and goods transactions to transfer settlement. Modern social life puts forward many requirements for financial services of commercial banks. [5] Under the strong business competition, commercial banks are also constantly exploring service areas, further promoting the expansion of asset-liability business by developing financial services, and combining asset-liability business with financial services to open up new business areas. In modern economic life, financial services have become an important function of commercial banks. ?

Classification introduction

? China's commercial banks mainly include: five state-owned commercial banks (China Industrial and Commercial Bank, China Agricultural Bank, China Bank, China Construction Bank and Bank of Communications) and 12 national joint-stock commercial banks (CITIC Bank, China Merchants Bank, China Everbright Bank, Huaxia Bank, Minsheng Bank, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, Industrial Bank, China Guangfa Bank, Ping An Bank, Bohai Bank, hengfeng bank Bank and Zheshang Bank). The rest are 138 city commercial banks and about 302 rural commercial banks (there are still many in preparation, and all rural cooperative banks will be transformed into rural commercial banks), plus the Postal Savings Bank. In addition, since the opening of the first village bank, Sichuan Yilong Huimin Village Bank, in March 2007, by the end of 20 13 and 10, there were more than 1000 village banks in China, achieving 3/kloc-0 provincial village banks and 1880 counties and cities nationwide.