What are the main aspects of Du Fu's realistic spirit?

First of all, realism is mainly reflected in the ideological content of Du Fu's poems.

1, "Worrying about Li Yuan in poor years", always caring about people's sufferings, is the core of Du Fu's realistic poems.

Du Fu lived in the Tang Dynasty, an era from prosperity to decline. He came from a bureaucratic family of "obeying Confucianism and observing officials" and enjoyed the privilege of not paying taxes and refusing to perform military service. This class background stipulates that Du Fu can't be a poet who loves the people without a hard process, and Du Fu's life path and creative path also illustrate this point.

When I was young, I traveled south to wuyue and north to Zhao Qi. Tianbao six years, go to Chang 'an to take an examination. Due to Li's obstruction, I was down and out in Chang 'an for about 10 years. After the An Shi Rebellion broke out, he was captured by the rebels on the way. After that, he fled to Fengxiang, met Su Zong, and the official went to the left. Later, he was demoted to Huazhou Sigong to join the army. Soon, there was a drought in Guanzhong, and he was forced by hunger. He abandoned his official position and went to Shu, built a thatched cottage in Chengdu and settled down. After entering the curtain, he served as Yuan Wailang of the Ministry of Supervision. In the third year of Dali, he sailed out of the Three Gorges and died in a boat in Xiangjiang River.

Confucianism is dominant in Du Fu's thoughts. He lived in the turbulent era when the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. His career was bumpy and he experienced disasters, so he could understand the sufferings of the people. His poems are combined with current events and have strong practical significance. For example, Chedian, Two Roads, and 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian are immortal poems that expose the overbearing arrogance of the ruling class and the sufferings of the people. There are also masterpieces such as Three Officials and Three Farewells, which have reached the peak of realism. In his later years, he made great achievements in thought and art, such as "The hut was blown by the autumn wind" and "The banks of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army".

Du Fu was honored as a poet saint, and was also called Du Li with Li Bai, a poet immortal, which had a great influence on later generations. Mainly lies in his outstanding contribution to poetic realism creation.

From Du Fu's life experience, we can easily see that it is the relationship between Du Fu and the people that makes him a great realistic poet, so paying attention to the sufferings of people's livelihood is the core of his poetic realism.

Du Fu's poems are realistic and very popular. After the age of thirty-five, the poet ended his life of reading and traveling, went deep into the bottom of society, saw the sufferings of the people and the sins of the ruling class, and wrote the following works: Military Vehicle Shop, Second Road, Going to Fengxian to pay homage, For Sadness, Ai Jiangtou, Hope of Spring, Qiang Village, Northern Expedition and Washing Military Forces.

Du Fu's poems show deep sympathy for the people. In Wu Lang Again, the poet spoke the words of the poor through the widow's throwing dates: "There is no food, no children and no women in front of the church. If it weren't for poverty, how could such a thing be done? It is because I am afraid of her that I turn a blind eye to her. In other words, although there are many things that can prevent distant guests, it is very real to insert hedges. I complained that I was poor to the bone, and I was thinking about tears and towels. " In Shi Qu Guan, the poet made a historical record of people's lives: "At dusk, officials cast their hands in Shi Qu Zhai and arrested people at night. The old man climbed over the wall and left, while the old woman went out to watch. Why are officials angry? Why do women cry? After listening to the lady's words:' Three people are in Ye Chengrong, one is attached with a book, and two are newly killed. Those who drag out an ignoble existence are dead. There is no one in the room, only a baby and a grandson. Sun's chest has not gone, and her skirt has no end. Although an old woman is weak, please come back at night. If you are in a hurry to serve food in the river, you might as well prepare the food in the morning. The night is long and silent, like crying and choking. Dawn will rise into the future, leaving the old man alone. "

Du Fu was deeply influenced by Confucianism, but he also criticized the negative aspects of Confucianism from his personal life experience. For example, Confucianism said, "If you are poor, you will be immune to it, and if you are up to it, you will help the world." Du Fu, no matter he is poor, wants to be both good and good on earth. Confucianism said: "If you are not in your position, you will not seek its politics." Du Fu, whether in office or not, wanted to govern the country! Although he was "helped by others", he said that "drawing the sword and dialing the decline of the year." Although "all countries are exhausted" and "all places are exhausted", he "won't cry" and "the danger is increasing". The predecessors said that many of Du Fu's five-rhythm poems can be regarded as "sparse". In fact, we know more than the Five Rhymes. Confucianism also stresses "saving love" and "valuing people", but at the same time it despises working people. Du Fu, on the other hand, is close to the working people, likes working, and is even willing to sacrifice himself for the happiness of the broad masses of people. Confucianism makes a strict distinction between China people and foreigners, but Du Fu got rid of this narrowness to some extent. He advocated peace with his neighbors and not fighting, so he said: "There is a limit to killing people, and countries have their own borders. If you can control aggression, you will kill more. " Therefore, he cherishes the good relationship between ethnic groups: "It seems that Vinzamp loves his relatives more, but it is difficult to give up his uncle and nephew!" (Recent News) accused Xuanzong of destroying this relationship because of the war: "The court suddenly killed the princess with Song Shujiang!" ("I like to hear the slogan that thieves always have a way out")

In short, in Du Fu's own words, "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years" is his central idea, "willing to die when in trouble" is his consistent spirit, and "obeying the monarch and then making the custom" is his highest ideal and main means. He used these to ask and encourage his friends. He praised Yuan Jie and said, "Daozhou is worried about Li Shu, and his words are full of enthusiasm." He said to Yanwu, "If you are on the stage, don't love your body when you are in danger." He said to Pei Qiu, "Here you are, Yao Shun, Fu Gong, etc. I have long been told to die. " It is these progressive thoughts that formed Du Fu's political enthusiasm, indomitable character and open-minded and optimistic spirit, which made him the most political great poet in the history of China. Of course, this is also inseparable from his life practice of being close to the people.

2. "Always worrying about the country and crying" and a high degree of patriotism are another major feature of Du Fu's realistic poems.

Du Fu is not only a poet who deeply cares about people's sufferings in poor years, but also a patriot who always cares about the country, makes people cry and sacrifices himself for others. His poems are full of patriotic blood and sincerity. When the country was in danger, he cried in pain at the flower and bird conference in March. For example, "Spring Hope": "Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers remain forever, and the vegetation turns green in spring. Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate. After three months of war, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold, and I stroked my white hair. It has become too thin to hold a hairpin any more. " Once the chaos is decided and the news comes, he will be ecstatic and tears will come to his eyes again. For example, the banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army: "The news is in this distant west station! The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop crying on my coat. Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily. Sing my songs loudly, drink my wine, and let me go home on a green spring day. " Du Fu cared about the fate of the country all his life: "He always worried about the tears of the country, but sprinkled towels alone", "The minister of an Guo is here, so there is no need to cry", and "I look forward to Lu Ge and never dream of Kong Zhou again".

At the same time, Du Fu's poems also show a strong hatred for the ruling class's crime of harming the country and the people. The poet Chedian criticized Tang Xuanzong's belligerence, which led to people's bloodshed and bankruptcy: "Car trip, Ma Xiaoxiao, everyone has a bow and an quiver on his belt. My parents and wife will say goodbye to each other until the dust buries the bridge outside Chang 'an. They run after you, crying, pulling your sleeve and crying at the sky ... Although strong women are plowing, the furrows in the east and west are broken? ... challenging taxes, where does the rent come from? If you really know that boys are a bad thing, you might as well have a girl. Girls can also marry their nearest neighbors, and boys will die in battle. Don't you see, on the edge of Qinghai, the bones of soldiers killed since ancient times have not been buried. The new ghost is wailing there now, and the old one is loudest in the stormy dark sky! "

Although Du Fu accepted Confucianism, his loyalty to the monarch was based on patriotism and love for the people. Because of this, on the one hand, he has great illusions about the emperor, hoping to "block everyone" through the emperor's "order to reduce taxes and levies"; On the other hand, he also wrote, "Tang Yao is really holy. How can the wild old man know?" "The son of heaven is more gracious and lonely all his life!" Such as poems that directly satirize the emperor, he is more brave to expose the crimes of powerful officials endangering the country and the people.

Second, the main embodiment of realism in Du Fu's poetry creation art.

1, the realistic writing style has been fully reflected in the poems about objects and lyrics.

Du Fu's poems about doing things are especially worth cherishing. Before him, literati wrote few poems, and even less about the Syrian people. Du Fu's poems on handling affairs are not only numerous, but also of high quality, and the realistic features are also the most prominent and sufficient. Can be divided into the following points:

First of all, he is good at summarizing real life artistically. In many of Du Fu's famous poems about objects, we can see that he is very good at selecting and summarizing typical characters and reflecting the general through individuals. For example, the dialogue between "pedestrians" in the "military vehicle shop" tells the same or similar experiences of thousands of recruiters; "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are the best examples of typical generalization. For example, "Homeless" is about the chaotic countryside and the psychology of homeless soldiers: "I'm just a person near, but I'm lost when I'm far away." My hometown is both tired and far away. "Writing soldiers' memories of their mothers who died in the ravine has extremely profound and extensive realistic content. Take Qiang village as an example. Although it tells the poet's experience of returning to his hometown after his own chaos, the scenes of family gatherings such as "my wife complains that I am here, but I am still crying", "holding a candle at midnight is like a dream" and "neighbors sigh all over the wall" are by no means just a portrayal of the poet's own life. The secret of Du Fu's poems is that they are highly concentrated summaries of real life.

Du Fu is also good at condensing huge contents into one or two poems. The reason why "the wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones freeze to death on the road" is shocking is that it is the poet's poetic pen, which summarizes the sharp contradictions in social reality and writes a mountain of irrefutable evidence of the ruling group. For example, "there are several people in ten rooms, and there are many vacant rooms in Qianshan", "tears of war are still there, and the military is still moving". , is also a highly concentrated, "force through the paper back" famous sentence. Lu Shique commented that "all surnames are extinct, and the heroes are greedy for fat" and said: "The combination of Chinese characters and fat characters is terrible and unreadable. There is a saying in the poem that is breathtaking, and this is also! " The words "combination" and "fat" have the power of "breathtaking", which is the result of high concentration.

Secondly, subjective feelings are included in objective description. That is to melt one's subjective consciousness, thoughts and feelings into an objective and concrete description, without knowing what to say. This is the greatest feature of Du Fu's poems about objects, and it is also the greatest skill of Du Fu, because he must have a calm mind who is good at restraining his excitement. The most typical example in this respect is "Shi Qu Guan": "Cast into Shi Qu Zhai at dusk, and the official catches people at night. The old man jumped over the wall and the old woman went out to watch. Why are officials angry? Why do women cry? ..... The night is long and the sound is like crying. Dawn will rise to the future, leaving the old man alone. "

Except "what is an official's anger", this sentence reveals his love, hate and hatred a little, which are all concrete descriptions of objective things. He integrated his subjective feelings and evaluation into the objective narrative, so that the things themselves directly infected the readers. Another example is the phrase "arresting people at the night of being an official", which is objectively described by Wu Ying, but it is also the author's irony and reprimand. Needless to say, darkness is cruel, but it is outrageous and already in it. In addition, the debauchery of Yang's brother and sister in Two Ways is only described in detail from the aspects of clothing, wine and movements, and there is no clear condemnation, but it is ironic. Bai Juyi is also a realistic poet. If we compare his famous sentence "Xinfeng Brokeback Weng" with Du Fu's "Military Vehicle Shop", we can immediately find the differences between them. In Car Shop, Du Fu never speaks. When the words of "pedestrians" are finished, the poem is over. However, in Xinfeng Brokeback Weng, Bai Juyi spontaneously discussed and understood the theme of the poem after describing the conversation of Brokeback Weng. Although the irony in Bai's poems is very vivid, Du Fu's poems contain irony in doing things, which makes him feel more sincere and sad.

Furthermore, use the personalized dialogue of the characters. In order to make the characters vivid, Du Fu absorbed the creative experience of Han Yuefu, and often used dialogues or monologues to personalize the characters' language. There are many such works. Now take the newlyweds as an example. This is a monologue written by a bride: "... it is better to abandon the roadside than to marry a woman and ask for a husband." If you get married, you won't warm your bed. It is too hasty to say goodbye at dusk! ..... Looking up at birds flying, the body will double. There are many mistakes in personnel, facing Jun Yong. " It's painful for you to get married, but the thought of being a bride who has just passed the door makes you feel reserved, shy and extremely hesitant, which fully conforms to the specific identity and mental outlook of the characters. So when we read, there is always a feeling of seeing that person and hearing his voice.

Also, use proverbs. This is a major feature of Du Fu's poems. Du Fu often uses common sayings in lyric poems, but his use of things in ancient poems is more abundant and important. Because many of these poems are about people's lives, adopting some proverbs can increase the authenticity and affinity of poems and help highlight the individuality of characters and language. For example, it is also an action called wife. Du Fu used the phrase "Tell a woman to eat when she is out of the house" in the poem "Pour wine after illness", while in "Be Tianfu Hun", he used the idiom "Tell a woman to open a big bottle" and "Tell a woman" to show the true nature of abundance. Other vivid examples, such as "My parents and my wife are going to see you off", "They run after you and cry, and they pull your sleeve" and "When the baby comes home, the chicken and dog are at the wedding", are also very vivid examples. Another example is "the bow should be strong and the arrow should be long." Shoot the horse first, catch the thief first ",as the saying goes.

Finally, make good use of details to describe. Du Fu is good at capturing expressive details that can show the essence of things and the mental outlook of characters. For example, "Garage Store": "No matter what demands are made on them, soldiers dare to extend their hatred" is such a detail. It not only reminds active servicemen of their painful feelings of "dare to be angry and dare not speak", but also exposes the cruel oppression of the feudal ruling class. Another example is Shihao Guan, which hints at the tragedy of the old woman being dragged away with the details of "the silence of the night is like crying", and Two Roads, which depicts the arrogance of that kind of lady with the little gesture of "rhinoceros helping me for a long time", are all good examples. The most prominent detail description of him is a passage about his wife and children in the Northern Expedition: "... after living in a hut for several years, my wife's clothes got knotted ... when I saw my back crying, my feet were tired of mud and socks. Two little girls in front of the bed, they crossed their knees after filling. ..... no silk bag, save your cold. Make-up is also a way to solve the problem of germination, just list it a little. No matter how bright the thin wife's face is, the idiot combs his own head. ..... "Here not only vividly depicts the innocence of young children, but also sets off his own mixed feelings of sadness and joy. The predecessors said that Du Fu "described himself as unique no matter what he borrowed", which was actually a detailed description.

These characteristics can often be found in every object-chanting poem of Du Fu, which can be described as "figurative and implicit".

2. Realism is also reflected in the organic combination with romantic ideals.

As a realistic poet, Du Fu's lyric poems also have their own style. When describing the characters in object poems, he often deeply analyzes his inner world of twists and turns, and the first paragraph "Going to Fengxian to chant for my feelings" is the most typical example. The two banks of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army is the first quick poem of Du Fu's life. At first glance, it seems abstract, but it is actually very specific. He wrote down his joys and sorrows with "tears all over his skirt" and seized the little gesture of "rolling a book of poems" to show his exultation. Although the following four sentences belong to fantasy, there are still rich images in fantasy. Du Fu attached his feelings to his career in chanting poems, but in lyric poems he often attached his feelings to the scene, blending the scene with emotion and blending the scene. There are also two situations: one is that scenes appear at the same time, such as his famous sentence: "Where the petals have shed tears, where the lonely bird has sang mourning", and "Jiangshan is waiting, Liu Hua is more selfless". ("Backward Tour") The other is to look at the scenery without feeling, such as "Deng Ci 'en Temple Tower": "Qinchuan suddenly broke and could not be found. Bowing your head but getting angry, how can you tell Huangzhou? "It contains feelings of worrying about the country and the people." Stark sounded the fifth watch with the drum of challenge, and the milky way sky crossed the three mountains. "Gao Jiang was in a hurry, and the sun and the moon were faint." Among them, there was also the poet's passion and the shadow of that troubled time. Du Fu tries to consciously avoid commenting on things in his poems. However, in lyric poems, specifically in political lyric poems, he often exaggerates and puts forward his own political views and criticisms of current affairs, such as "starting from a strong source, never going to court" and "fighting from agriculture, asking for money everywhere without officials". In order to meet the requirements of content, Du Fu's poems about objects generally adopt the ancient style of five or seven words, which has great flexibility, while lyric poems mostly use five or seven words to approach the style.

Du Fu is a poet with great political aspirations, which determines that his realism is ideal realism. Therefore, realism and romanticism are often combined in some of his poems. "Washing the army" can be a representative. At the beginning of the poem, a triumphant situation was written in a stormy style, and ZTE of the motherland was warmly praised: "ZTE will accept Shandong and report at night." He Guangren said that Hu Wei's life was destroyed by bamboo. But at the same time, it reminds the rulers to be prepared for danger in times of peace with a sigh: "I have already enjoyed the imperial power to clear the sea and wear it, and I always think about the immortal playing Kongtong." "In three years, in Guan Shanyue, the wind blew in front of soldiers from all over the world." He also humorously satirized those princes and nouveau riche who succeeded because of human factors: "It is impossible to climb the dragon and attach the phoenix, and the world will become princes." Don't forget people's livelihood: "Tian Jia looks forward to rain, and cuckoo urges spring seeds everywhere." At the end of the poem, through the magnificent fantasy of "Andrew's strong men guarding the Tianhe River", the hope of "cleaning up the armor and not using it for a long time" is put forward. The whole poem is optimistic, magnificent and colorful, full of inspiring power, but also has a sober realistic critical spirit. Wang Anshi's Selected Poems of Du Fu is based on this poem, which is quite insightful. In addition, Phoenix Terrace and Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage are also excellent works combining realism and romanticism.

The styles of Du Fu's poems are diverse. However, Du Fu has always recognized that the most distinctive style is "depressed and frustrated". The rapid changes in the environment of the times, the poverty and hardship of personal life, the profound thoughts and feelings, and the calmness of expression are the main factors that form this style. For example, Li Bai said, "How can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials who will never be seen with sincere faces", while Du Fu said, "Barbarians are not shy, how can they stay in Wang Zizhong for a long time"; When writing about friendship, Li Bai said, "I am worried about the bright moon, and I will stay with the wind until the dead of night." But Du Fu said, "Instead of piling in the pond, it is better to shed tears with brocade water." Obviously, it is elegant and gloomy.

Thirdly, the historical position and influence of Du Fu's realistic poetry tradition.

Du Fu's great contribution to poetry creation has brought far-reaching influence to later generations.

People of all ages, including many outstanding classical poets, fell in love with him and regarded his poems as the highest model of learning. At the same time, many famous scholars or anthologists who collected, annotated and studied Du Fu's poems appeared in the past dynasties. In the history of ancient literature in China, no poet has so many followers as Du Fu. If all the influences of Du Fu are described, it will almost cover the whole history of the development of China classical poetry after the Tang Dynasty. Here, we can only briefly explain how extensive and profound Du Fu's influence is from some more important aspects.

Du Fu's realistic creative spirit of singing for the people first directly promoted the development of Tang poetry. In the middle Tang Dynasty, the "New Yuefu" advocated by a group of poets headed by Bai Juyi was a realistic poetry movement inspired by Du Fu's poetry creation.

Du Fu's spirit of realistic creation, from Bai Juyi to later, has permeated into the creations of Pi Rixiu, Cao Ye, Nie and Du Xunhe in the late Tang Dynasty, forming a school of realistic poetry, which radiated brilliance in the late Tang Dynasty. In addition, the artistic expression of Du Fu's poems also had a far-reaching influence on the poets in the Tang Dynasty. For example, Han Yu and Li Shangyin were influenced by Du Fu's creative art from different aspects and established their own styles.

After the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu's influence became more and more extensive and in-depth with the growth of time. There were Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao in the Song Dynasty. Following Du Fu's amazing side, he formed the "Jiangnan Poetry School". For example, Wang Anshi, Lu You, Wen Tianxiang and Yuan Haowen in Jin Dynasty, Li Mengyang in Ming Dynasty, Du Fu, Qu Dajun and Shen Deqian in Qing Dynasty were all influenced by Du Fu in different aspects and under different circumstances. Of course, some poets (such as Lu You, etc. ) You can learn the benefits of Du Fu, while others only inherit or even distort it superficially.

Du Fu's poems have aroused people's love throughout the ages, not only because of art, but also because of thought. For example, Lu You once said in a poem, "Being a poet in the future makes me feel a little empty." After Wen Tianxiang was captured, he read Du Fu's poems every day in Yanjing Prison, and collected five sentences from Du Fu's poems. He said, "Zimei was the first person to speak for me." The words of national heroes strongly prove the lofty ideological connotation of Du Fu's poems. Han Yu put it well: "Du Li's article is there, and the flames are endless." Indeed, we can't help but feel proud that two great poets have appeared at the same time in the history of Chinese literature.