Looking for Classical Architecture in the Three Kingdoms Period —— Pictures of imperial academy

Imperial College is the central official school in ancient China and the highest institution in the ancient education system in China. [ 1]

The name of imperial academy began in the Han Dynasty. As a post-Han Sinology, imperial academy is different from the previous Sinology in establishing Confucianism as orthodox knowledge. Imperial academy was established in Chang 'an in the Western Han Dynasty, imperial academy in Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty and imperial academy in Nanjing in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Jin Dynasty, another Guo Zi school for official children was separated from imperial academy, and Guo Zi provided wine to lead the Guo Zi School and imperial academy. After the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Sui Dynasty was changed to imperial academy.

As the highest institution of learning in ancient China, before the pre-Qin Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty called Biyong, Yu Shun called Shangyao, the five emperors called Cheng Jun, and the Han Dynasty called imperial academy. After the Sui Dynasty, it was called imperial academy. The imperial examination system was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty and in imperial academy.

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Hard mountain building refers to a kind of building in which the gables at both ends of the double-slope roof intersect with the roof in a closed way, and all the wooden frames are sealed inside the gables. Its characteristic is that there is no cornice on the wall of the mountain, and the peak is exposed.

Hard mountain buildings are often divided into five to nine purlins according to the number of purlins, but garden buildings are mostly below seven purlins, of which five purlins are the simplest and seven purlins are the most luxurious.

Taking Qi 'ao Mansion as an example, the names of various parts of its framework are explained. The wooden frame of a house consists of five parts: columns, beams, purlins, frame connectors and roof base. The members of these five parts have different names.

1, column component

Columns are upright load-bearing members. In hard mountain architecture, it is divided into eaves column, golden column, melon column and mountain column according to position and function.

(1) cornice column: that is, the outermost column of the front and rear eaves of a house. The front column is called the front cornice column and the rear column is called the rear cornice column.

(2) Golden pillars: pillars arranged on the front and back eaves of houses, which were called "inner pillars" in the Song Dynasty and "golden pillars" in the Qing Dynasty.

(3) Guazhu: refers to the short column standing on the lower beam to support the upper beam, some of which are called "children's column".

(4) Pillar: it is the end of the whole building frame, and a row of beams close to the gable are located at the top of the mountain. It is the main supporting member for the end of roof purlin in hard mountain buildings, and the roof purlin extending directly from the ground is the longest column among the above columns, as shown in figure 1-2(c).

2. Beam member

Beam is the transverse supporting member of roof truss. In hard mountain buildings, there are framed beams, head-holding beams, accompanying beams and interspersed squares.

(1) Girder erection: it is a component horizontally erected between the front and rear gold columns to support the melon columns and purlins. In the Song Dynasty, it was called "Bianfu", and in the Qing Dynasty, it was called "erecting beams". As shown in figure 1-2(b).

(2) Heel beam: Actually, heel beam is not a beam. It does not bear the load above, but only connects the front and rear Huang Jinzhu to form a horizontal connecting member with a stable bent frame.

(3) Head beam: it is a member horizontally placed between the eaves column and the gold column to bear the purlin. The upper part of the beam head is engraved with purlin notches, which are shaped like purlins, hence the name "head beam". In the Song Dynasty, this kind of head was called "Confucian clothing".

(4) Interpolation: Like the accompanying beam, it is a horizontal connector that connects the eaves column and the gold column into a whole. In the original law, it was called "heirloom", but this component was not set in the French law, and it was replaced by milk blessing.

3. Purline

Purlins are called purlins, purlins and purlins. They are components that support the roof load and transfer it evenly to the beams and columns, and they span from one gable to another. It's called "bottle" in Architectural French.

4. Frame connector

In the depth direction, the building frame is composed of several bent frames connected by beams and columns, while in the width direction, the bent frames are connected into a whole by purlins, purlins and pads.

(1) Fang Zi: Rectangular cross-section timber with connection function, like purlins, which are called "eaves Fang", "ridges Fang" and "gold Fang" respectively.

(2) Cushion: As the purlins and purlins are installed at the upper and lower parts of the beam respectively, a gap is formed between the purlins, which is filled by the cushion material to form an integral effect. Generally speaking, the practice of overlapping purlins, pads and purlins is called "three purlins".

5. Roof base

Roofing base is a wood base that undertakes roofing tiles, which is composed of rafters, kanban, flying rafters, cornices, tiles and other components.

(1) Raft: it is the lowest component of the roof base and is placed vertically on the purlin.

(2) Lookout board: the wooden board layer nailed to the rafters is used as the shelf for the plaster back and thatched back of the roof.

(3) Flying rafter: it is a rafter installed on the cornice, which is arranged opposite to the eaves rafter and farther than the eaves rafter. It is used as a component to raise eaves and slow down steep slopes of houses.

(4) cornice: it is a connecting crossbar for fixing eaves rafters and flying rafters. The eaves rafters are called "small eaves" and generally have a flat square section. The rafters are called "Dalian eaves", which are mostly straight triangular sections. See figure 1.69(a).

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(5) cornice: a member installed on the eaves of Dalian to support cornice tiles. According to the different plate tiles or pipe tiles used, different cambered surfaces are made.

References:

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Analysis of Architectural Features in Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties

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