What kind of predicament did China agriculture face in Ming Dynasty? What caused it?

The refugee phenomenon is the most prominent social phenomenon in the Ming Dynasty, which even directly led to the demise of the Ming Dynasty.

In fact, refugees are a large-scale unemployed group. Of course, during the Ming Dynasty, refugees were mainly

Because of natural and man-made disasters, I lost my land and lacked the necessary social security. I have no food and no one is in charge. I just want to beg you.

Ordinary people with their own way of life.

The people of China are very hardworking, patient and timid, although they will show it from time to time.

Selfish and cunning, but they are afraid of government, resistance and violence. In order for them to take up arms,

Only the threat of a dead end.

The phenomenon of refugees in Ming Dynasty was mainly caused by the high degree of land annexation and the so-called "household registration system" in Ming Dynasty.

Yes

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the "household post system" was implemented, and later it was changed to the "yellow book system", and the household registration book was used as a corvee.

And in order to maintain its autocratic rule, the Ming government promulgated a law prohibiting farmers from leaving home.

Prohibition, easy to manage. In the early Ming Dynasty, farmers were safe because they could live on the land.

Live and work in peace.

However, in the early years of Xianzong, there appeared a royal manor directly managed and taxed by eunuchs sent by the palace.

Huang Zhuang is a grange under the direct jurisdiction of the royal family. It has a historical tradition. In the Western Han Dynasty, there were Yuan, Tang,

There were "palace villages" in the Five Dynasties and "imperial villages" in the Song Dynasty.

The first royal manor in Ming Dynasty was in the early years of Yongle. Later, Renzong had Renshou Palace, and then there was the Qing Dynasty.

Ninggongzhuang and Weiyang Gongzhuang were just a few palaces owned by the royal family at that time. Until the reign of Tang Xianzong.

Eunuch management became a large-scale land annexation.

Ming Xianzong is a famous bad king. During his reign, the expenses of the Ming royal family increased sharply. Like Royal One.

In the orthodox era, the consumption of chickens, geese, sheep and pigs was about 30,000 to 42,000 silver per year, which increased during the reign of Xian Zong.

Quadrupled. Xianzong also loved eunuchs. The number of eunuchs in Xianzong Dynasty reached more than 10,000, and the royal family wasted money.

Spending, extravagance and waste caused the financial crisis of the royal family, and Xianzong spent all the gold accumulated in the book collection and began to fight.

Huang Zhuang's idea.

As soon as Xian Zong acceded to the throne, he confiscated the land of eunuch Cao Jixiang and established a palace farm. Cao Jixiang's manor was originally

But it was only 1000 mu, and by Jiajing, the farm had reached 7500 mu. It has increased in recent decades.

The land is more than seven times.

During the reign of Emperor Xiaozong, the official land of Sihuangzhuang was less than 2,000 hectares. Later, it gradually developed into five Huangzhuang, covering an area of one.

More than 2,800 hectares, by the time of Wuzong, the number of imperial offices had increased to 36, covering more than 37,000 hectares.

Together with the former farmland, a * * * covers an area of more than 53,000 hectares.

The harm of Huang Zhuang is far more than just covering an area. There are eunuchs in charge everywhere, eunuchs and land in Huang Zhuang.

Party tyrants collude with hooligans, which is the bane. "there, people support sailing, grazing cattle and horses, and fishing for shrimp, rather than scraping the ground.

Take it. "

The royal family opened up the imperial manor, and other princes, eunuchs and civil servants followed suit. According to Minghui,

In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu, the total land area was more than 8.5 million hectares, and in the fifteenth year of Hongzhi, it was reduced to 422 hectares.

More than 10,000 hectares, reduced by half, were merged by the royal giants.

The land has been reduced by half, but the taxes of the court have not been reduced at all. According to Ming Hui Dian Hong Wu Er

In the sixteenth year, more than 29 million tons of summer tax and autumn grain were collected, and in the fifteenth year of Hongzhi, 27 million tons were collected.

In fact, most of the royal families have merged fertile land, and farmers have not planted good land.

According to historical records, the actual burden of the people in Songjiang in the Ming Dynasty was "ten times that of the Song Dynasty".

This is by no means empty talk.

After the orthodoxy, farmers' tax corvee became heavier and heavier, such as the "golden flower and silver" during the orthodoxy and Xianzong years.

In short, the pattern between grain and silver is refurbished and emerges in an endless stream. Farmers are only given three times, plus

Private taxation is more important than public taxation.

Huang Zhuang's exploitation and oppression made farmers lose their land and fled abroad on a large scale, which was Liang Jun in the Ming Dynasty.

This trend has been analyzed. He said that before Zheng De, nine out of ten people were "satisfied with farming"; Four or five minutes later

In the past ten years, due to the increasingly heavy land tax corvee, they gave up agriculture in succession. "Generally, people have said it six or seven times.

Give it to agriculture. "

Farmers fled in large numbers, coupled with overwhelmed craftsmen and soldiers, and in some areas in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, fugitives exceeded.

Half of them, or even nine out of ten, were forced to leave their homes, help the elderly and take care of the young, and sleep in the wind, and many more.

People starve to death, the attitude of the Ming government is to strictly enforce the ban policy and block the way for farmers, which

Formed a phenomenon of large-scale refugee rebellion in the Ming Dynasty.

During the reign of Emperor Yingzong, refugees revolted and revolted in Xunyang, which was at the junction of Huguang, Henan, Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces.

There were1500,000 refugees in this area at once, but the Ming government adopted the policy of deportation, which was wrong.

Those who obeyed were massacred, which forced the refugees to retreat.

In the late Ming dynasty, some policies were adopted to support the people and achieved good results, but in the Ming dynasty,

At the end of the dynasty, the government was corrupt and incompetent. At that time, there were domestic troubles and foreign invasion, natural and man-made disasters, low administrative efficiency and improper handling.

It finally got out of control. Li Zicheng rose, and after many twists and turns, he finally scored.

Beijing ended the rule of the Ming Dynasty.

After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, they were exempted from the extra taxes of farmers, and the policy of enriching the people was implemented, and the country appeared

Due to the relative prosperity and stability, the phenomenon of refugees, which had plagued the Ming Dynasty for two hundred years, disappeared.