What are the characteristics of China's vegetable production and supply?

Since the reform and opening up, China's vegetable production and marketing policy, production and marketing system and the layout of production bases have undergone fundamental changes. After the founding of new China to the reform and opening up, the state has been taken in the suburbs of the city production of vegetables, the base layout to take the suburbs as the main, supplemented by the suburbs; local production, local supply; to the self-sufficiency of the main, supplemented by the transfer of the field policy. The state determines that in the area south of the Yangtze River, the area of vegetable land in the suburbs of cities should be guaranteed to be 13.34-20.01m per city population; in the area north of the Yangtze River, it is 26.68-40.02m; in the northeast, Mongolia and New Zealand, Qinghai and Tibet and other areas, it is 46.69-66.7m. After the state put forward the policy of reform and opening up in 1979, the rural areas have implemented the responsibility system of farmers' joint contracting, which has greatly emancipated the productive forces and promoted the development of agriculture, and vegetable production has also been promoted. The development of agriculture, vegetable production also began to enter a stage of rapid development. At the beginning of the 1990s, the State put forward the policy of "grasping the "rice bag", enriching the "vegetable basket", ensuring the effective supply of agricultural and sideline products, stabilizing prices, maintaining social stability, and ensuring the rapid development of the national economy. According to the above guidelines, in addition to the development of vegetables in the suburbs of the city, in order to ensure the supply of vegetables, the relevant departments also in the agricultural areas of the planning, the establishment of a number of vegetable production and supply bases, since then the accelerated transfer of vegetable production to the agricultural areas, and the completion of the suburbs of the city mainly to the agricultural areas of the main transformation, while vegetable production has entered a new phase of regionalization, specialization, large-scale development. On the other hand, in the 1980s, the vegetable industry began to carry out marketing system reform, breaking the planned economy system, first in Wuhan, the main vegetable products to liberalize the sale of the first trial, and since then the reform has been deepening, the vegetable wholesale market was established one after another, the vegetable transport professionals, vegetable distribution centers and other forms of product circulation came into being, the market mechanism has gradually been perfected, and then comprehensively implemented the vegetable production and marketing system reform on a nationwide scale, to date, all the major cities in the country have been able to implement the vegetable production and marketing system reform. Reform of the system, so far the country's large and medium-sized cities have established a large number of vegetable wholesale markets (about 5,000, each province, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government have a few large or very large market), full of vitality of the market economy mechanism greatly stimulated the development of the vegetable industry, but also for the accession of the WTO to the international market after the creation of favorable conditions.

(A) vegetable sowing area, total output increased

According to the ministry of agriculture statistics, in 2003, the national vegetables and melons planted area of 20.3077 million km, with a total output of 609,982,100 tons, of which the vegetable area of 1795.37 km, the output amounted to 540,032,32 t, the average per capita annual possession of 415 kg, and in the beginning of reform and opening up. In 1980, the planted area was only 3,161,800km, the total output was 83 million tons, and the annual per capita possession was 84.1kg, which increased 4.6 times, 5.5 times and 3.9 times respectively. In addition, according to the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the harvested area and production of vegetables and melons in China in that year accounted for 42.9% and 48.8% of the world's total sown area and production of vegetables respectively, which is 2.4 times and 4 times higher than that of India, which is in the second place (Zhang Zhenhe, 2005).

(2) The position and role of the vegetable industry in the development of the rural economy are becoming more and more prominent

As mentioned earlier, the net output value of vegetables in China was 338 billion yuan in 2003, 34 billion yuan higher than that of grain, which was 304 billion yuan, and the contribution of vegetables to the annual per capita net income of 900 million farmers across the country was 375.56 yuan, which has played an important role in revitalizing the rural economy and in increasing the incomes of the farmers to make them rich. The vegetable industry is a labor- and technology-intensive industry. As a labor- and technology-intensive industry, the development of the vegetable industry contributes to the local transfer of rural labor (providing employment for about 91 million people) and to the improvement of farmers' professional and technical qualities. Since the output value per unit area of vegetables and melons is several times higher than that of grain crops and other cash crops, the development of vegetable and melon cultivation has become one of the important elements in the structural adjustment of the plantation industry.

(C) vegetable products in China's foreign trade in agricultural products export advantage is obvious

According to China's agricultural information network data, in 2003 China's vegetable exports of 6.02 million t, vegetable exports of 3.796 billion U.S. dollars. 2003 China's vegetables have been exported to five continents of 170 countries and regions. The development of Chinese vegetable industry has obvious advantages in natural resources, low production cost and variety, and these characteristics are very favorable to enhance the status of China's international trade in vegetables.

(4) Vegetable supply level greatly improved

China in the era of planned economy, the most prominent problem in the supply of vegetables is the unbalanced supply of the annual supply, often the peak season rotten vegetables, off-season supply tension. Since the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy, from the planned economy to the market economy, the rural areas to implement the joint production and contracting system, and thereafter the adjustment of the structure of the planting industry, the enthusiasm of farmers to grow vegetables greatly improved, but also science and technology and natural resource advantages to be further applied and played, and prompted the country's different ecological regions gradually formed into a unified layout of various types of vegetable production bases and inter-area to be able to Vegetable sales markets that complement each other in the off-peak period. This has fundamentally changed the situation of a lack of vegetables in the off-season. In the past, the types of vegetables supplied year-round were generally between 20 and 30, and the types of varieties were relatively small; at present, the number has increased to more than 60, and with the addition of more than 50 types of rare and specialty vegetables, there are more than 100 types of vegetables supplied on a regular basis in the market. After years of efforts, the current supply of vegetables in China has basically achieved a variety of types and varieties, a balanced market supply and a gradual improvement in quality.

(E) the formation of inter-regional complementary large production, large market, large circulation of vegetable production and marketing layout

After a long period of production practice and research, in accordance with the different regions of the natural climate type, combined with the adaptability of vegetables and their vegetable farming system formed in various parts of the vegetable scholars of China's cultivation of vegetables is broadly divided into the following areas: Northeast monocrop area, North China Double main crop area, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, three main crop area, South China multi-main crop area, Northwest double main crop area, Southwest three main crop area, the Tibetan Plateau single main crop area, Mongolia and New Zealand single main crop area **** 8 big area. However, the specific layout of the vegetable production base, since the founding of the country, with the continuous progress of social and economic development, the gradual development of the vegetable industry is also constantly changing, so far can be roughly divided into three stages. The first stage is before 1984, vegetable production is mainly distributed in the suburbs of large and medium-sized cities, agricultural areas only a small amount of self-catering, seasonal vegetable land. The second stage is the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, with the reform of the vegetable purchasing and marketing system, in addition to large and medium-sized city outskirts of the production of vegetables, but also in the agricultural areas built five large-scale production of commercial vegetables with a certain scale of transportation base, namely, Hebei, Shandong piece of the autumn vegetable base, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, South China piece of the south of the northern vegetable base, Henan, Shandong, Anhui piece of the Yellow River and Huai spring light vegetable base, Hebei, north of Jinbei The piece of autumn light vegetable base, Gansu Hexi Corridor piece of western vegetables east transport base. These bases annually provide 20 million tons of commercial vegetables to the country, accounting for about 30% of urban consumption. The third stage is since the 1990s, due to the need for urban construction land and rising labor costs in the suburbs of the city as well as the further adjustment of the planting structure of the vast number of agricultural areas, vegetable production bases have accelerated from the outskirts of the city to the transfer of agricultural areas around the country's vegetable production has been transformed from an agricultural area for the auxiliary agricultural area to a mainly agricultural area. At present, the sowing area of vegetables in agricultural areas is estimated to be about 80% of the total sowing area of the country, and the vegetable production bases are larger in scale and more specialized, and have begun to develop in the direction of regionalization of production; the regional production bases are maximizing their respective advantages of location, transportation, and technology, and are market-oriented, highlighting the regional characteristics, and developing the local vegetable production according to the local conditions and establishing the corresponding Vegetable wholesale market, expanding market share, thus forming a nationwide inter-regional complementary vegetable production, large market, large circulation of vegetable production and marketing layout.

(F) Famous and rare vegetables are rich and varied

China's land is vast, the climate is complex and varied, vegetable germplasm is rich, the history of vegetable cultivation is long, and many famous and special vegetables have been gradually formed in the long-term production and development of various places. Such as the Northeast single-master crop area: Heilongjiang Province, oil beans (beans), black fungus, Jilin Province, the white lamb's-quarters beans, Liaoning Province, the big runt cabbage, etc.; Mongolia and New Zealand single-master crop area: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Mulin leeks, leeks, Mongolia leeks (sand onions), a little bit of red onions, wild cauliflower, ferns, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, the cantaloupe, wild garlic, etc.; North China, double-master crop area: Beijing, heart of the United States carrots, Jiaozhou, Shandong Province, cabbage, Zhangqiu, onions, and so on. North China dual-main crop areas: Beijing's heart-beauty radish, Shandong Province's Jiaozhou cabbage, Zhangqiu scallion, Weifang green radish, Laiwu ginger, Cangshan garlic, Yidu silver gourd, etc.; Northwest double-main crop areas: Shaanxi Province's Dali cauliflower, Yaoxian chili peppers, etc., Gansu Province's Lanzhou lilies, Bailanhua melon, Zhenyuan cauliflower, Ningxia Autonomous Region's Yinchuan jiaojie, Wuzhong skillet, Pingluo red gourd, Yinchuan wolfberries, etc.; Yangtze River's three main crops in the lower reaches of the three main crops: Shanghai City's collapsed cabbage, Jiangsu Province's Nanjing short-footed yellow cabbage, Taihu Lake Brunswick The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River three main crop areas: Shanghai collapsed cabbage, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing short-footed yellow cabbage, Taihu Lake Brunswick, Wuxi wild rice, Yixing lily, Anhui Province, lotus root, too and parsnip, Hunan Province, Hunan Lotus, cauliflower, Wuhan red cabbage shoots in Hubei Province, and so on; South China multi-master crop area: Guangdong Province, four nine cabbage heart, kale, Chenghai early flowering cauliflower, Ningqing cucumber, seven-star children's festival melons, Guangxi Autonomous Region, Chinese yam, Taiwan Province, the bitter gourd, melon, melon, and so on; the Southwest three main crops area: Fuling, Chongqing Municipality, Chengdu, Sichuan Province The three main crop areas in southwest China are: Fuling mustard greens in Chongqing, Chengdu radish in Sichuan, red taro, datura, and leek in Yunnan, and Hanzhong leeks and fungus in Shaanxi Province. Some of these famous and specialty vegetable germplasm resources have been used as local varieties, which have been bred and selected for their superiority and continue to be used in production; some of them have been utilized as breeding materials and new varieties have been selected and bred by utilizing their excellent germplasm.

In addition, in recent years, with the continuous improvement of people's living standards, consumer demand for vegetable products has gradually changed, in the past less eaten some of the "fine vegetables", "small vegetables", such as sunflower, endive, purple-backed asparagus, fenugreek, Shepherd's purse, parsnip sprouts, wolfberry head, etc. also began to be popular in the market; in the green pollution-free concept of guidance, people also began to develop mountain vegetables, such as round leaf ginseng, chrysanthemum brain, Malan head, fish; in the past, there are few or no rare foreign vegetables, after the introduction of test planting has also entered the domestic market, such as lettuce balls, bulbous fennel, hugging the son of collard greens, endive, asparagus, celery, chicory, and so on. The development and application of the above vegetables further enriches the supply of vegetables in the market and helps to improve people's dietary structure.