Several major historical views of history and introduction, thanks!

Dialectical materialism and historical materialism are the soul of Marxist historiography, and are the theoretical basis and basic method of historical research.

1. The driving force of productive forces:

Productive forces include laborers, objects of labor, and means of production. Into the industrial society, the tools of production is mainly manifested in the progress of science and technology, science and technology is the productive forces, become the key to promote social development.

2. Economic base and superstructure

The economic base refers to the sum of all aspects of the relations of production that are compatible with a certain stage of development of the productive forces and dominant at a certain stage of history. The superstructure refers to the political, legal, moral, philosophical, artistic, religious and other views of the society built on a certain economic base, as well as the sum of political, legal and other institutions and facilities corresponding to these views. The economic base determines the superstructure, and the superstructure has a counteraction to the economic base.

The revolutionary view of history

"Revolutionary view of history: also known as the "class struggle" or "anti-imperialist and anti-feudalist view of history". Scholars who hold the "historical view of class struggle" usually believe that the basic root cause of the various disasters in modern China is the reactionary rule of imperialism and feudalism. The basic way to save China is to carry out anti-imperialist and anti-feudalist struggles. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the Hundred Days' Reform and the Boxer Rebellion, and the Xinhai Revolution constitute the main content of modern history and the mark of its staging. Because they were the process of pulling China out of the quagmire of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism, they were the process of progress.

Third, the historical concept of modernization (modernization of history)

Concept: Usually, modernization is sometimes called modernization. It refers to the process of change from a traditional society to a modern society (the process of change from a traditional agricultural society to an industrial society), including:

Political modernization: it mainly refers to the process of democratization and the rule of law, that is, from the rule of man to the rule of law, and from authoritarian politics to democratic politics and other elements.

Economic modernization: mainly refers to the process of industrialization and marketization, i.e., from traditional agriculture to modern industry, from natural economy to market economy

and so on.

Ideological and cultural modernization: mainly refers to the process of scientization and popularization.

Modernization of social life: in addition to the improvement and enhancement of material life, it mainly refers to urbanization and the integration of social organizations.

Others also involve modernization of education, modernization of the army and national defense, modernization of information dissemination, population control, social welfare and so on.

Of these, the process of political democratization and the process of economic industrialization are the two main elements.

Fourth, the concept of history of civilization

Conceptual meaning:

The concept of history of civilization holds that a history of the development of human society is essentially a history of the evolution of human civilization.

Horizontally, the connotation of the history of human civilization includes material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization; in terms of scope, it can be divided into a number of systems, such as the ancient Greek and Roman civilization, the ancient Chinese civilization, the western capitalist civilization, the socialist civilization and so on. Vertically, human civilization has gone through the Age of Fishing and Hunting and Gathering, the Age of Agricultural Civilization (including the Neolithic Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age), and the Age of Industrial Civilization (including the Age of the Handicraft Workshop, the Age of Steam, the Age of Electricity, and the Age of Information).

Fifth, the global view of history (holistic view of history)

The basic idea of global view of history is that the global view of history is to look at the history of human society as a whole, which is also called the holistic view of history. This concept of history breaks the traditional historiographical framework of "Western Eurocentrism" and country histories, and examines history from the overall development and unity of world history, and comprehensively explores the epochal characteristics, developmental mainstreams, and general trends of each period of world history, as well as the interconnections and infiltrations between different civilizations. It is believed that the development process of human history is a process of transformation from decentralized to holistic development, which began with the opening of the New Voyages.

Sixth, social history

(1) The social history paradigm mainly refers to the observation of history from the perspective of society, focusing on the study of the structure and process of history, and focusing on the analysis and study of social issues in a broad sense, including all issues such as political issues, economic issues, and cultural issues.

(2) The core of social problems is social security or social welfare and its related issues. Social problems are characterized by broadness, comprehensiveness and stage. Its field of study mainly includes the history of social change, the history of daily social life, the history of social customs, the history of family marriage, the history of urban evolution and population mobility, the history of social security, the history of social policy, and the history of the relationship between human beings and the environment, etc. It believes that history should be "a history of social change" and "a history of social welfare". It believes that history should be "the history of all people" or "the history of social customs", and emphasizes that the study of history should not only be "upward-looking" and focus on the "big names" but also on the "big people". emphasizes that historical research should not only "look upward" and focus on "big people" and "big events", but also "look downward" and focus on "small people", and on the people who are closely related to the common people. The essence of the "small things" is to popularize the life of the people.

Application of Multiple Historical Perspectives

Example 1: Understanding the Problem of Commercial Ports in Modern Chinese History

From the Revolutionary Historical Perspective: It was the base for the export of commodities and capital by the Western powers to China, and it was a clear sign of the deepening of semi-colonialization in China;

From the Modernization Historical Perspective: It was the base for Chinese industry, the center of technology, the center of commerce and the center of finance, playing a leading role in promoting the modernization of China's economy and society. promote China's economic and social modernization to play a leading role;

From the view of overall history: it strengthened the connection between China and the world, and integrated China into the capitalist world colonial system;

From the view of the history of civilization: it was the window for China to understand and learn from the modernized industrial civilization of the West, and also the earliest start of China's traditional agrarian civilization to the modern industrial civilization.

Example 2: Evaluation of Sun Yat-sen from Multiple Historical Perspectives

Revolutionary Historical Perspective: He was the forerunner of the democratic revolution Modernization (Modernization) Historical Perspective: "He was the shining pioneer of China's modernization."

Social view of history: he was an advocate of changing customs and traditions Global (holistic) view of history: he was a statesman and revolutionary with worldwide influence