Write a paper on the topic of "China's environmental protection and sustainable development of the problems faced and the solution to the countermeasures".

Abstract: With the rapid development of modern economy, China's agro-ecological environment is in a very serious situation, which has seriously affected the sustainable development of China's agriculture, and it is necessary to strengthen the legal system, popularize the environmental education, adjust the industrial structure, improve the infrastructure, and promote science and technology and so on, so as to further protect the agro-ecological environment and to ensure the sustainable development of China's agriculture.

Keywords: agriculture; ecological environment; environmental protection; sustainable development

Agriculture is the basis of China's national economic development, and agro-ecological environment is the basis of agricultural and rural economic development. The advantages and disadvantages of agro-ecological environment are directly related to the rise and fall of agriculture and rural economy. Protecting the agro-ecological environment is to protect agricultural productivity, can promote the sustainable development of agriculture. Since the reform and opening up, China's agriculture has made great achievements, the construction of agro-ecological environment. However, with the rapid development of China's modern economy, the situation of China's agro-ecological environment is still quite serious, the sustainable development of agriculture by the ecological environment of the serious challenges.

I, the meaning of sustainable agricultural development

February 1987, Mrs. Brandt in the "our **** with the future" long report first put forward the concept of "sustainable development": "can meet the needs of the present generation, without jeopardizing the future generations to meet their needs. development that meets the needs of the present without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".

In April 1991, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Government of the Netherlands jointly convened the International Conference on Agriculture and the Environment, which adopted the "DenBos Declaration", a declaration on sustainable development and rural development. The FAO defines sustainable agricultural development as an agriculture that uses and conserves natural resources in such a way that technological and institutional changes are made to ensure that the needs of present and future generations for agricultural products are met; an agriculture that makes sustainable use of land, water, and plant and animal genetic resources; and an agriculture that is environmentally sound, technologically sound, economically viable, and socially acceptable. In July 1994, China's Agenda 21 defined sustainable agricultural development in China as: maintaining stable growth in agricultural productivity, increasing food production and ensuring food security, developing the rural economy, increasing agricultural inputs, changing the poor and backward situation in rural areas, maintaining and improving the agro-ecological environment, and rationally and permanently utilizing natural resources, especially biological and renewable resources, in order to meet the needs of the national economic development and the people's living standards, which are growing year by year. The rational and sustainable utilization of natural resources, especially biological and renewable resources, will meet the needs of national economic development and people's lives, which are growing year by year.

Two, the impact of agro-ecological environment destruction on the sustainable development of China's agriculture

China's agro-ecological environment has a lot of problems, such as land desertification and desertification, soil erosion, lack of water resources for agricultural use, salinization of the land and pollution of farmland, etc., which has seriously hampered China's sustainable development of agriculture, which is contrary to the principle of fairness and the principle of continuity advocated by sustainable development, and is detrimental to the sustainable development of agriculture. sustainability principle, and has a great negative impact on the sustainable development of agriculture.

First of all, it leads to the reduction of the total amount and quality of agricultural resources. Soil and water are the foundation of agriculture, and moreover, the key to sustainable agricultural development. Soil erosion, land sand, so that a large number of soil nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients are lost, so that the land becomes barren or even deserted; encroachment of arable land, it can be said that directly deprived of future generations rely on the space of survival; agricultural water resources are polluted, affecting agricultural irrigation, and damage to agro-ecology. Indiscriminate deforestation of forests and blind reclamation of grasslands have weakened the ability of forests and grasslands to regulate the climate, conserve water and prevent soil erosion and desertification, and have also become an unfavorable factor in China's agricultural development. Industrial "three wastes" are discharged directly without treatment, pesticides, chemical fertilizers and other chemical substances used in excess and unreasonable use, so that large areas of agricultural croplands occur, resulting in soil ecosystem dysfunction.

Secondly, the frequent occurrence of natural disasters, the degree of harm to agricultural production has increased. The reduction of forests and grasslands has aggravated soil erosion and spread land desertification. Soil erosion, so that the riverbed, reservoirs, lakes and other silt increase, the riverbed heightened, reservoir capacity reduced, the lake flood storage area reduced, exacerbated floods. Land sands, making sandstorms more and more frequent. It can be said that if the current agro-ecological situation can not be completely changed, China's natural disaster frequency accelerated, the disaster, the expanding area of the trend is unlikely to be fundamentally curbed.

Finally, the safety of agricultural biodiversity is seriously threatened, the quality of agricultural products has declined, and people's quality of life has been seriously affected. The agro-ecological environment is a complex system, maintaining its balance is extremely important, maintaining agricultural biodiversity is the basis for maintaining the balance of agro-ecology, is to realize the premise of sustainable development of agriculture. Over the years, the destruction of the agro-ecological environment has weakened the regulatory function of natural resources in many areas, and biodiversity has gradually receded or died out. As a result of changes in soil composition and the large amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides left in agricultural products, some agricultural products that were supposed to add nutrients to the human body have become drug-carrying. The quality level of agricultural products has declined, greatly affecting people's physical and mental health and quality of life, but also affects the international competitiveness of China's agricultural products.

Three, the protection of agro-ecological environment, and promote the sustainable development of China's agriculture

There are many reasons for China's agro-ecological problems, the main reasons include people's backwardness of concepts, traditional concepts, habits, and wrong understanding of the people's environmental protection indifference to the awareness of environmental protection, disregard for the importance of environmental protection; backwardness of the legal system and institutional construction; the government's environmental protection policy is not perfect and mature; ecological agriculture and conservation of agricultural development. The government's policies on environmental protection are not perfect and mature; the development of ecological agriculture and conservation agriculture is insufficient. Improvement of the agro-ecological environment has been imminent and urgent, must be based on the various causes of environmental problems to take appropriate countermeasures, in order to realize the sustainable development of agriculture.

1. Strengthen the legal system, popularize environmental education, and raise the awareness of environmental protection of the whole people

At this stage, China has formulated the "Chinese People's **** and the State Soil and Water Conservation Law", "Chinese People's **** and the State Land Management Law", "Chinese People's **** and the State Forest Law", "Chinese People's **** and the State Wildlife Protection Law", "Chinese People's **** and the State Water Law, the Grassland Law of the People's Republic of China, the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, etc. As of the end of 2001, the State had formulated and improved six environmental protection laws and 13 resource management laws. At the same time, the State Council has also formulated and promulgated more than 30 administrative laws and regulations on the environment and resources. This provides a strong guarantee for environmental protection work. It is necessary to conduct extensive and in-depth publicity as well as to speed up the formulation of laws and regulations related to the ecological environment, to continuously improve the legal concept of the whole nation, and to form a strong public opinion that the whole society consciously protects the environment. In the case of the law should be strictly enforced, strengthen legal supervision. Governments at all levels and relevant departments in the study and formulation of economic development planning, to take into full account the construction and protection of the ecological environment, the strict implementation of the relevant laws and regulations of the ecological environment.

At the same time, on the other side of the law to improve, but also to improve the general people's awareness of environmental protection. This requires vigorously carrying out environmental education, popularizing environmental protection knowledge, raising the awareness of all people of agricultural ecological environment protection, and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture. In this regard, the Government must emphasize the importance of the agricultural environment in all aspects, actively support the development of eco-environmental agriculture, play a positive guiding role, publicize the importance of environmental protection to the people through various channels, and motivate them to engage in environmentally friendly eco-agriculture. Through publicity and education, people must be made to change the traditional concepts of "fighting for the sky and fighting for the earth" and "man's victory over heaven", and to realize the importance of the natural environment to mankind. At the same time, it is also necessary to systematically train people in environmental protection knowledge and skills.

2. Promote the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure, establish eco-agriculture and characteristic agriculture, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture

Adjustment of agricultural structure should be carried out on the basis of market demand and according to the principle of comparative advantage in order to optimize the regional layout of agriculture. China's vast expanse, the regional differences are large, different regions by virtue of their own advantages, the development of market-competitive industries and products in order to maximize economic and ecological benefits, to avoid structural convergence, oversupply, waste of resources, but also can not meet the market diversification of the shortcomings of the demand.

For example, in the eastern coastal developed areas and western mountainous areas to appropriately reduce the area of food cultivation, the development of special agriculture, both to give play to the regional advantages, but also to increase the income of farmers; the central and northeastern regions to actively play the inherent food advantages, more food production, to maintain a basic balance between supply and demand for food in our country, to ensure food security. In this way, different regions have their own strengths, to achieve complementary advantages, not only to improve economic efficiency, to meet the market, but also to achieve ecological benefits, the formation of a reasonable production layout.

3. Strengthening the construction and protection of agro-ecological environment, improving agro-ecological conditions and infrastructure

By strengthening the construction of agro-ecological environment, combining the achievements of modern science with the modern agricultural technology, and establishing a modernized mode of agricultural development with ecological reasonableness and benign cycle of functioning, so as to combine the growth of agro-economics with the improvement of agro-ecological environment, and to achieve unification of economic, social and ecological benefits. China's long-standing over-cultivation and grazing have led to soil erosion, a decline in the flood storage capacity of rivers and grasslands, and serious grassland degradation, bringing about a series of environmental problems. Therefore, from the mid to late 1990s, China began to implement large-scale ecological construction projects of returning farmland to forests, fields to lakes and pastures to grass.

At the same time, due to the accelerating process of industrialization in China in recent years, it has made China's arable land area continue to decrease, which seriously affects the development of agriculture. In order to effectively protect arable land and stabilize the area of arable land so as to promote the sustainable use of land resources, it is necessary to establish basic farmland protection zones. Through the formulation of basic farmland protection zone planning, quantification and positioning of arable land, accompanied by administrative, economic, legal, technical and other measures, the number of arable land that can adapt to the sustainable development of agriculture is effectively protected. It also establishes and improves the land resources information management system, and carries out detailed surveys of land resources.

4. Vigorously develop science and technology, actively promote science and technology and technical services, effectively support the sustainable development of agriculture

China's comprehensive agricultural production capacity compared with developed countries there is still a big gap between the labor productivity is only equivalent to about 70% of the world's average level, a difference of dozens of times or even hundreds of times with the developed countries, the rate of transformation of scientific and technological achievements in agriculture and scientific and technological contribution of less than 50%, agricultural water utilization rate is only 40%, the rate of agricultural water resources is only 40%.

The utilization rate of agricultural water resources is only about 40%, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is only 35%, and the contribution rate of agricultural mechanization to agricultural production is only about 17%.

"Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, China should further increase investment in agricultural science and technology, around the national food security, ecological security and farmers to increase income of the three major tasks, and vigorously strengthen the construction of agricultural science and technology capacity for independent innovation and superiority of the core production of agricultural products, processing technology research. Increase the introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation of international advanced technology. It will strengthen the pilot testing, maturation, assembly and application of advanced and mature technologies, innovate the extension mechanism, promote the close integration of science and technology with the agricultural economy, and improve the extension and transformation rates of agricultural technologies. Strengthen the scientific and technological training of farmers, improve the quality and effectiveness of training, and cultivate new farmers who are literate, technologically literate and able to run businesses. Further promote the reform of the agricultural science and technology system, build a national agricultural science and technology innovation system, strengthen the construction of agricultural research bases and human resources, and establish a new mechanism for agricultural science and technology that is "open, mobile, competitive and collaborative". Eventually, China's agriculture really embarked on a high technology content, low resource consumption, low environmental pollution, strong comprehensive production capacity of the sustainable development of the road.