Classification of resource-based cities

Ruhr, Germany is one of the largest industrial zones in the world and the largest industrial zone in Europe. Located in the northwest of Germany, it is an industrial base mainly for coal mining. Ruhr coalfield covers an area of 6 20km2, with geological reserves of 65.2 billion tons, thick coal seam, good mining conditions and many kinds of coal. From 1950s to 1960s, this region played the role of "generator" for rapid economic recovery and growth in Germany. Its steel output accounts for 70% of the whole country, and its coal output reaches more than 80%. The total economic output once accounted for 1/3 of Germany's GDP. At the end of 1950s, the economic structure and traditional industries of Ruhr old industrial base were seriously challenged. Over-exploitation leads to the exhaustion of resources, soaring production costs, shrinking product market and a large number of workers losing their jobs. Since the 1960s, the German government has been transforming the old industrial base in Ruhr.

Give play to the leading role of the government

Coordinate the federal, state and municipal governments to participate in the transformation of old industrial bases. First of all, the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the federal government has set up a federal regional development planning committee and an executive committee, and the state government has set up a regional development committee to implement a regional conference system. The municipal government has set up the Labor Bureau and the Economic Promotion Association, which are responsible for the comprehensive coordination of the revitalization of the old industrial base, overcoming the disadvantages of "discussing without deciding, deciding without doing, and doing without effect". Secondly, the revitalization plan is formulated in stages to ensure the coordination and consistency of actions and is widely recognized by the plan; Finally, provide financial support and give play to the guiding role of government investment. Starting from 1985, a science park was built in five stages with an investment of 130 million Deutsche Mark. Of the construction costs, 90 million marks are funded by the European Union, the federal and state governments. In terms of environmental governance, the federal government is responsible for 2/3 of the funds used for filling abandoned wells and environmental governance, and local governments are responsible for 1/3. The coal subsidy tax has also been launched.

Transform traditional industries and improve infrastructure.

From 65438 to 0968, the government of North Rhine-Westphalia formulated the first industrial structure adjustment plan-"Ruhr Development Plan", focusing on cleaning up and rectifying mining areas, concentrating coal mining on large mines with high profitability and high mechanization level, similar to "closing, stopping, merging and transferring" in China, and at the same time adopting a series of preferential policies to support and transform the coal and steel industry. These preferential policies include price subsidies, tax incentives, investment subsidies, government acquisitions, miners' subsidies, environmental protection subsidies and research and development subsidies. In addition, governments at all levels have laid a foundation for the next development of Ruhr District by vigorously improving local transportation infrastructure, building and expanding universities and scientific research institutions, and focusing on land consolidation.

Attract capital and technology and vigorously support emerging industries.

From 65438 to 0979, the federal government, local governments at all levels, trade associations, trade unions and other relevant parties jointly formulated the Ruhr Action Plan, aiming at gradually developing emerging industries in order to grasp the leading role of structural adjustment. Preferential policies and strong support measures have made the "new economy" industries such as information and electronic information develop very rapidly in Ruhr, far ahead of other parts of Germany. According to statistics, there are more than 1 100 enterprises engaged in data processing, software and information services in North Rhine-Westphalia recently, and there are more than 38 telecom companies, most of which are located in Ruhr District. In order to ensure that Ruhr District will always be in the leading position in the future competition, the state government has taken a lot of measures to promote the development of high technology and established 12 priority development zone, including biology, medical technology, computer, software and communication technology.

Realize the diversification of industrial structure according to local conditions

At the same time, actively create employment opportunities. In order to fully mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of all parties concerned, the German government formulated the "Proposal on the Future of Mining and Metallurgy Zones" on 1989, and in recent years began to implement the "Joint Plan between the European Union and North Rhine-Westphalia", with the goal of giving full play to the different regional advantages of Ruhr, forming distinctive advantageous industries and realizing the diversification of industrial structure. For example, Dortmund relies on many universities and scientific research institutions to vigorously develop the software industry; Duisburg took advantage of the port to become a trade center and established a "shipping museum"; Essen has vast forests and lakes and has become a local leisure and service center.

Build a social security levee

Every citizen can enjoy the most basic living security. Due to the exhaustion of resources, a large number of workers in Ruhr area are unemployed. In order to ensure that the unemployed can live a stable life, the German government has established necessary social security for them. Here, a sound insurance system plays a key role. The basic insurance types in Germany are divided into pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance (subsidy), pension for public officials and sick pay for employees.

After decades of continuous development, Ruhr District has successfully achieved economic transformation. Nowadays, most mines and steel mills are closed, and the land polluted by coal and roasted by steel furnaces is surrounded by high-tech industrial parks, commercial centers and cultural and sports facilities. Chimneys, derricks and blast furnaces that used to stand are no longer there, but farmland, green spaces, commercial areas, residential areas and exhibition halls. In the past, smoke covered the sun and cinders covered the ground, but now the sky is blue and surrounded by green shadows. Walking through Ruhr is like walking in a huge open-air park. Pittsburgh used to be the steel base of the United States, because it is rich in bituminous coal, iron ore can be easily transported from the Great Lakes region, and flux limestone is also rich, which provides favorable conditions for the development of the steel industry. In 1970s, Pittsburgh experienced a serious recession due to the exhaustion of resources. Enterprises closed down, workers lost their jobs, many social problems, and the urban population dropped sharply, making it one of the most serious cities in the United States.

Pittsburgh gradually recovered after the 1980s. First of all, it benefited from the second revival movement initiated by the municipal authorities and the industrial and commercial circles and the implementation of major construction and reconstruction plans. Trolley cars that caused traffic congestion were replaced by subway lines, and new skyscrapers sprang up like mushrooms after rain. The most striking thing is the Pittsburgh high-quality thick plate glass company building complex designed in post-modernism style. Pittsburgh has realized the importance of restoring famous ancient buildings from practice.

Secondly, in 1943, Mellon, the head of the local Mellon financial family, and his colleagues took the lead in organizing what was later called the local development conference, mobilizing the upper class of the business community to support the reduction of smoke and dust, the restoration of downtown areas and almost all other major municipal construction plans since then. However, Pittsburgh's politics is controlled by Democrats, so their cooperation is needed politically. In this case, david lawrence, the second key figure of Pittsburgh Renaissance, an important activist in the Democratic Party, appeared. During Lawrence's tenure as mayor, he unexpectedly cooperated with * * and the local development conference controlled by the Party, implemented a powerful law to reduce smoke and dust, and created a brand-new environment and look in Pittsburgh-clean air, beautiful buildings, expressway and flood control dams.

Third, the local development conference also put forward the inner city housing and revitalization plan, which is called the most thorough and comprehensive plan to solve the slum housing problem in the United States. In the 1960s, the Pittsburgh Historical Monuments Foundation began to encourage the protection of buildings with historical significance and architectural artistic value from the threat of being hit by iron balls. However, the problem of the lack of decent housing for the middle and lower classes in Pittsburgh has not been solved. Different from other conservation organizations, the conservation organizations in Pittsburgh have broken through the previous practice, not only trying to let the middle class move in, but also providing low-cost housing for the poor residents in the city, helping many poor families to move in, and attracting rich young professionals to move into vacant rooms.

Richard thornburg, the governor from 65438 to 0979, was the third key figure in the revival of Pittsburgh. Thornburg emphasized the noble moral qualities that leaders must possess, and advocated "slow and steady" administration, rather than acting rashly. He believes that the revitalization of Pennsylvania's economy needs the establishment of various small enterprises rather than the unattainable big ones. Qixin's joint efforts have diversified Pennsylvania's economy and created industries such as robotics, computers, bioengineering, high-efficiency energy and radio communication. In the past four years, States and regions have cut business tax by 5 billion dollars to create a good economic environment, and personal income tax is only 2.6%. In the area of 10 county, the expansion of basic industries and emerging industries tax-free zones is mainly concentrated in 40 places in 10 county, with an area of 2025hm2. Located in the northeast of France, Lorraine is a heavy chemical base famous for its rich iron ore and coal resources in French history, similar to Liaoning in China. From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, due to the changes in resources, environment and technical conditions and the competitive pressure from the external market, Lorraine made up her mind to implement the strategy of "industrial transformation".

First, enterprises with high cost, high consumption and heavy pollution, such as coal mines, iron mines, steel mills and textile mills, have been completely closed; For example, although coal has resources, due to deep well mining, the cost per ton of coal is higher than the world market price of 345 francs, and the policy of gradually giving up is adopted. Because of the high cost, the price per ton of steel is 457 francs higher than that of imported steel. Although iron ore resources are abundant, mining, ironmaking and steelmaking enterprises have all closed down. Second, according to the international market demand, high-tech industries such as nuclear power, computer, laser, electronics, biopharmaceuticals, environmental protection machinery and automobile manufacturing have been selected; Third, transform traditional industries with high technology, and vigorously improve the technical content and high added value of industries such as steel, machinery and chemical industry; The fourth is to formulate preferential policies to attract foreign investment and transform in line with international standards.

Second, Lorraine also combined the transformation of coal industry with land consolidation and incorporated it into the planning of the whole region. To this end, they set up a special land consolidation department to deal with and solve the problem of land pollution left over from the aging of mining areas and the re-effective use of idle sites. Since 1979, a special fund (grants and loans of 3 billion francs) has been set up for the affected industries to solve the main problems in the transition. After the closure of the enterprise, the traces of the old mining area will be quickly erased and repackaged, or houses and entertainment centers will be built, or the site of new factories will be used, or trees and grass will be planted, and so on.

Third, establish enterprise entrepreneurship parks to support laid-off workers to set up small businesses. The state subsidizes its own non-profit "incubator", makes business plans for newly established small enterprises free of charge, and provides them with various services, such as creating conditions such as factories, workshops, machines and offices, and is also equipped with experts and consultants to give specific guidance. In Luolin area, small enterprises with less than 10 employees after transformation are scattered, accounting for 9 1% of all enterprises.

Fourthly, Lorraine regards training employees and improving their skills as an important way to re-employment. After training, there are more than 65,438+000 jobs to choose from, and 90% of employees can be re-employed. The re-employment personnel are managed by computer, networked with local recruitment bureaus and provided with job-seeking hotlines, so that the labor force can be quickly transferred out.

The transformation of Lorraine took about 30 years. Although the transformation cost is huge, it has achieved remarkable results, turning the industrial polluted land that people can hardly blink into new industrial district with blue sky and green land and beautiful environment. The whole region is moving from recession to rebirth. Today, Lorraine has become the most important area for France to attract foreign investment.