What is the meaning of Hakka?

On the "Hakka", historians generally believe that: Hakka is the Han people from the Central Plains southward migration, due to the border tribes of the intrusion, the Hakka ancestors from the Central Plains to the south. Later, then to the south, to all parts of the scattered migration, the formation of the Hakka scattered in many areas of the situation.

The first great migration of the people of the Central Plains was caused by the Five Hundred Years of War. In order to take refuge, since the Jin Dynasty Yongjia, the Han Chinese began to migrate south, then known as the "flow of people". Gradually formed three major tributaries, and finally, the far reached the south of central Jiangxi, Fujian and other places, close, but still wandering in the Yingshui Huaishui Rushui Hanshui area.

The second southward migration, caused by the end of the Tang Dynasty Huang Chao uprising. More than a decade of turmoil, people from all over China have migrated in different directions. This migration, the far, a few have reached Huizhou, Jia, Shao and other places, while most of them stayed in Tingzhou, Fujian, and Ganzhou eastern parts.

In the Song Dynasty, due to the invasion of the Jin and Yuan people, part of the Hakka people migrated again. This time, due to Wen Tianxiang and other organizations in the mountains of Fujian, Guangdong and Gan Gan resistance to the invasion of foreigners, the junction of the three provinces has become the two sides of the attack and defense of the key areas. Therefore, the Central Plains clans that first came to Fujian and Ganxia then moved to the eastern part of Guangdong and northern part of Guangdong. At the same time, the inflow of Tingzhou is also a few days more.

The late Ming and early Qing dynasties, on the one hand, the Hakka internal population has been expanding, on the other hand, the Manchurian tribes into China. After resisting the Qing's inability to move in, the people once again split up and were forced to move around. A considerable portion of the people, moved into Sichuan and other destroyed by fire, re-establishment of cultivation. That is, the fourth migration, "move to Hunan and Guangdong, fill in Sichuan".

The fifth migration, when in the late Qing Dynasty. This can be said to be a worldwide migration. Population day more, mountainous areas in poor condition, not enough to feed the mouth. Therefore, the Hakka people moved south to Leizhou, Qinzhou, Guangzhou, Chaoshan and other places, across the sea is out to Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, the Nanyang Islands, and even as far as Europe and the United States and other places.

After many migrations, the Hakka people were able to settle down in various places and multiply from generation to generation, and eventually became an important and special folk of the Chinese nation.

By now, some people estimate that there are about 120 million Hakka people at home and abroad, of which one-third of the Chinese in Hong Kong are Hakka people; one-fifth to one-quarter of the population in Taiwan are Hakka people. In the Mainland, in addition to the three provinces of Fujian, Gan and Guangdong, there are considerable numbers of Hakka people in Hunan, Guangxi and Sichuan. Overseas, there are also many Hakka people in Southeast Asian countries, Australia, the United States and Canada. From the many precious historical materials and genealogical data, we can see that almost every place and every family name honors the earliest ancestor who moved to western Fujian as the founder of the south, and treats western Fujian as the end point of the Hakka ancestors who said goodbye to the Central Plains in the cultural mileage and the starting point of becoming Hakka people.

For more than 1,000 years from the establishment of Tingzhou during the reign of Emperor Ming Huang of the Tang Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, Changting was the seat of the state, county, road and government. Kaiyuan twenty-one years (733 AD), Fuzhou governor Tang Zhuanzhong in Chaozhou North, Pious State East, Fuzhou West, the light of the Dragon Cave and other places to check the responsibility of the state to avoid the people of more than 3,000 households, but also to open the Fu, Fushu two state mountains and tunnels, played the setting of the Tingzhou in the Nine Dragons water source in Changting set Changting County. Kaiyuan twenty-four years (736 years) Tingzhou establishment completed, the state in Xinluo, the initial jurisdiction of Changting, Xinluo, Huanglian three counties. At the time of establishment, the county boundaries east of Shaxian, west of Jiangxi Yudu, southeast of Longyan County, northwest of Jiangxi Piety, northeast of Ninghua County, southwest of Guangdong Haiyang Chengxiang two counties, including the present Changting, Wuping, Shanghang, Liancheng and other counties and part of the southwestern part of Qingliu. In the first year of Tang Tianbao (742), Tingzhou was renamed Linting County, and the county seat was moved to Changting Village. Dali fourteen years (769 years), the Fujian Festival Minister Li Chengzhao asked to move the state in the Ting River upstream Changting Baishi Township, East Fangkou, Dali twenty-four years (779 years) and move Wolong Shanyang, the county with the relocation. At that time, Tingzhou had become one of the five major states in Fujian (Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jianzhou and Tingzhou). During the Song Dynasty, a large number of southward-migrating Han Chinese entered the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Gan. The people of the Central Plains who moved south came in batches and went south along Wuyi Mountain or from Ganan to the area of Shibi Zhai (now known as Shibi Village) in Ninghua, Tingzhou, and then continued to move to the various dependencies of Tingzhou County. Ninghua Shibi, Tingzhou, where the people's ancestors lived, reproduced, and spread, is the main settlement of the Han people's southward migration and spread. The people of the Central Plains who entered Ting gradually integrated with the Min Yue and She ethnic groups of the local Baiyue. Thus, the assimilation of the indigenous people, the formation of the Han branch of the Han nationality, became the western Fujian Hakka people. Song "Lin Ting Zhi" contains: "until the Song Dynasty Cheng Ping day long, life gathering day breeding," Yuanfeng nine areas of the Zhi "has been contained in the main household 66,157, customers 15,299, depending on the Tang both several times. Qingyuan old record contains the main customer 218570, the main customer 453231, depending on the Yuanfeng and several times ......." The old record of Qingyuan contained the main customers 218570, the main customers 453231, depending on Yuanfeng and several times. It can be seen that the Song time to move south into the Ting day more. After the Tang, Song, Yuan dynasties, Tingzhou jurisdiction and title changes, to the Ming Dynasty, Chenghua fourteen years (1478), Tingzhou Province jurisdiction Changting, Ninghua, Qingliu, naturalization, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping, Yongding eight counties. Qing Shunzhi three years (1646) in November the Qing soldiers into the Fujian, set up the county is still as Ming system, the map as the old. Therefore, the Ming and Qing dynasties, Tingzhou House jurisdiction over eight counties. Republic of China in the early years of the abolition of the government set up, Changting County belongs to the Tingzhang Road. Republic of China in 24 years set up the eighth administrative inspectorate, later changed to the seventh administrative inspectorate, the commissioner's office is located in Changting, jurisdiction over Changting, Liancheng, Qingliu, Mingxi, Ninghua, Jianning, Taining, Wuping eight counties. Changting has been claimed to be flourishing in humanities for a long time, not less than the central state of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and China. Tingzhou has a large number of people of benevolence and ambition, merchants and artisans. For these historical reasons, Tingzhou naturally became the capital of the Hakka.

"All the water in the world is east, only Ting only south", Ting River is the largest river in western Fujian, but also connects the Hakka people's southward migration of the two transit ---- Ninghua, western Fujian and Guangdong Meizhou, the only river. After the Hakka people entered Fujian, they settled along both sides of the Ting River, and the Ting River Basin became the base camp of the Hakka people. The Ting River nurtured the Hakka people and gradually developed the Hakka folk line. Ting River Basin, became the Hakka people at home and abroad in the heart of the "Mecca Holy Land"!

A, Hakka origin

The so-called Hakka, refers to the origin of Henan region of the Central Plains Han, in the Eastern Jin Dynasty when the war moved south, began to become a group of inhabitants with a "special identity", but also in the subsequent several migratory movements, and gradually formed today with a unique style of Hakka folk. The Hakka people are a branch of the Han Chinese nation. The most obvious characteristic of the Hakka people is that they speak Hakka, which is one of the eight major dialects of the Han Chinese people.

Historically, the Hakka people have been documented as having moved southward five times over a period of 1,500 years.

The first great migration was in the period of 317-879 A.D., when Emperor Huai Di of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, due to the invasion of minorities in the northwest of the Central Plains, the formation of the far-reaching impact on the Han Chinese people, "five hu chaotic China" situation, many officials and civilians in the Central Plains, also have to cross the Yellow River to the south. Many officials and civilians in the Central Plains also crossed the Yellow River and went south. In order to avoid confusion with the original household registration, these new household registration called "guest". This was the first time that the word "guest" appeared on the Chinese People's Liberation Army.

The second great migration took place between 880 and 1126 AD. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao raised an army and the "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms", the world was in chaos, and the Hakka ancestors moved from Anhui and Jiangxi to the southern part of Jiangnan, northwestern Fujian, and the northern part of Guangdong.

The third great migration was between 1127 and 1644 A.D., the Jin and Yuan invaded one after another, and Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty crossed over to the south, during which many Hakka people were involved in the defense of the Song Dynasty and resisted the Yuan soldiers in the war of war against the king. After the death of Song, they had to retreat to the more remote eastern and northern parts of Guangdong.

The fourth great migration took place between 1645 and 1843 A.D. This time, the Kangxi Emperor, in order to win the hearts and minds of the people in the south, gave each man 8 taels of silver and each woman and child 4 taels of silver to encourage the Hakka people to move into Szechuan, Guangxi and Taiwan. The ancestors of Comrade Zhu De, who has always been proud of the Hakka people, moved to Sichuan from Shaoguan during this migration.

The fifth great migration took place after 1866, at the end of the Taiping Rebellion. As Hong Xiuquan, the leader of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, was a Hakka After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom failed, many Hakka people migrated to the sensible remote south and even to overseas areas such as Southeast Asia under the pressure of the Qing government.

At present, there are about 45 million Hakka people in the world. Of these, 40 million are at home and about 5 million are abroad. The Hakka people overseas are widely distributed, more concentrated in Southeast Asia, Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew, and the internationally renowned writer Han Suyin are Hakka people. Domestic areas where Hakka people live *** there are 17 provinces, 185 cities and counties, of which the Hakka people account for more than 95% of the pure Hakka county 50, Hakka people are most concentrated in Gannan, southern Fujian and northeastern Guangdong. There are more than 20 million Hakka people in Guangdong, accounting for nearly 30 percent of the province's total, including 15 pure Hakka counties.

Heyuan, as a pure Hakka region in the Dongjiang basin, can trace the origins of its earliest Hakka ancestors back to the Qin Dynasty. In 214 B.C., after Emperor Qin Shi Huang pacified South Vietnam, he sent Tu Suo, Ren Xiang, and Zhao Tuo with 500,000 soldiers to defend the area, and ordered hundreds of thousands of "sinners" to be sent to the south of the mountain. Zhao Tuo was first the magistrate of Longchuan County, and later became the king of South Vietnam. The residents of Longchuan with the surnames of Zhao, Wei, Guan and Ren were the first group of Central Plains people to enter Longchuan and intermingle with the local indigenous people. However, as the time of mass migration of Hakka people to the Heyuan area, it has to be pushed back to the period of the Third Great Migration of Hakka people, that is, the period between 1127 - 1644 AD.

The people of Heyuan have always inherited the excellent traditional virtues and humanistic spirit of the Hakka people throughout their long history. The mountain song culture of Meixian County in Guangdong Province is unique. The Dongjiang Hakka cuisine in Heyuan is more distinctive.

Second, Hakka customs

The customs of the Hakka people broadly include the national traditional yearly festivals and customs, local worship, rituals and so on.

(1) Main Festivals:

☆The Spring Festival: It is the grandest festival with New Year's worship and fun activities.

☆The Spring Festival: It's the first day of spring.

☆Metal Lantern Festival: The 15th day of the first month is the traditional Chinese folk Lantern Festival. The Lantern Festival is a time for eating Lantern Festival, playing with lanterns, enjoying lanterns and guessing lantern riddles.

☆☆February 2: Kaizheng Festival.

☆Ching Ming: Hakka grave-sweeping custom mostly starts from the vernal equinox and reaches its climax at Qingming.

☆Duanwu: commonly known as the May Festival in Hakka. The main elements of the festival are eating zongzi (rice dumplings), xionghuang wine, and dragon boat races.

☆July Festival: Also known as the Ghost Festival.

☆Mid-Autumn Festival: commonly known as the August Festival. Customs such as eating mooncakes and enjoying the moon are generally the same everywhere.

☆Chongyang Festival: Hakka people call it the "September Festival".

☆Winter Solstice: The Hakka people say that winter is the most important time of the year.

(2) Marriage:

The marriage customs of the Hakka people are heavily influenced by ancient customs, and the main purpose is still to pass on the family name, but Yu Wen and Zhang Li are free love. Hakka men and women are married to each other by a matchmaker, and the official marriage in Hakka society is a "wedding marriage," where a family member is not involved in the marriage.

Most of the process ceremonies are still in the old habits: such as matchmaking, sending a fixed date, announcing the date, sending the bride-price, the dowry plate, receiving the bride, and paying respect to the cave, etc. The Hakka society is also very concerned about the formal marriage relationship.

(3), folk entertainment:

Hakka folk entertainment is very rich, the main festivals are rice-planting songs, dragon boat races, stepping on boat lanterns, dragon lanterns, lion dance, high-footed division, welcome lanterns, stepping on the lanterns, playing the drums, musical instruments will be performed, theater, fireworks, usually sing songs, singing songs, play the qin, play zheng, play the erhu, play the flute, play chess, play six chess, play cards, throwing the first prize sign, playing mahjong, raising flowers, fishing and so on.