How to improve economic efficiency?

Improve the economic efficiency of enterprises

With China's accession to the WTO, the market competition is becoming increasingly internationalized, as a university-run enterprises to survive and develop in the fierce market competition, in addition to its disciplinary advantages, scientific and technological advantages and talent advantages, by strengthening management, to management for efficiency is also very important economic means. The fundamental starting point of all economic activities of enterprises is to continuously improve the economic efficiency of enterprises. To improve the economic efficiency of enterprises, we must strengthen the all-round management of enterprises, effectively transforming management resources into economic benefits, to achieve the standardization of management, institutionalization and scientization. If an enterprise even with advanced technology and a certain scale of production, but if there is not a good management personnel team, it is difficult to imagine that there will be stable and lasting economic benefits. Therefore, only by grasping the negative factors in the enterprise's economic activities and taking corresponding measures to redevelop the management resources, we can make the enterprise's management mechanism continuously improve, and the enterprise's economic benefits can also be continuously improved.

I, to improve the understanding of the relationship between management resources and economic benefits

In terms of colleges and universities, for a long time, management has been the weak link in the work of the enterprise, the leadership of the enterprise has not really set up to improve the effectiveness of the management of the management of the management of resources to the economic benefits of the concept. To be effective not to management or heavy benefits light management has become a more common phenomenon in the enterprise. In recent years, universities and colleges appeared a number of mismanagement has led to financial difficulties, serious losses, insolvency, shutdown, semi-suspension or even bankruptcy of the enterprise. The reason for this is that the backwardness of the understanding of the management problem, did not correct the relationship between management and economic efficiency, to take a variety of "quick wins" practices, such as cutting corners, tax evasion and other unusual means to artificially stimulate the enterprise's economic efficiency of the temporary increase in the management of the enterprise, rather than through effective management to achieve. Such enterprises, at the expense of the social benefits and long-term interests of enterprises, to drill the reform and policy loopholes, is a kind of speculation on economic activities. Once the relevant authorities (e.g. industry and commerce, taxation, quality inspection, etc.) intervene, the enterprises will eventually have to suffer. The practice of socialized mass production has fully proved that production cannot be separated from management. Management effectiveness is good or bad, to improve the economic efficiency of enterprises has a decisive impact.

Enterprise management is the concomitant of socialized mass production, is cohesive in the production process, throughout the production activities of enterprises. The economic activities engaged in by the enterprise, including planning, organization, command, mediation and supervision are inseparable from the management; rational use of various resources of the enterprise, to reduce the deviations and errors in the production process, and ultimately achieve to meet the needs of the community more than the labor consumption of the economic results of the purpose to be achieved through the management. Therefore, let the management for the realization of economic efficiency services, has become the people engaged in economic activities of the guidelines. With the progress of production technology, the degree of socialization of labor, social and economic links to a wide range of management and economic efficiency of the relationship between the increasingly close, has become an important factor affecting the economic efficiency of enterprises.

Two, management is one of the elements of productivity

Modern science shows that management is one of the elements of productivity, it plays the role of amplifying productivity. In order to give full play to the efficacy of management, modern managers must correct the concept, to adapt to the requirements of the market economy, the rational allocation of the various elements of productivity, in order to achieve the best management results. Under the conditions of modern production and market economy, managers must change the old concepts formed during the planned economy, and establish the concept of competition, the concept of talent, the concept of time, the concept of democratic management, the concept of modern management. Management ability is the first condition to improve the management level. Usually said that management backwardness, mainly refers to the low ability of managers, such as insufficient investigation and research, unscientific prediction, resulting in decision-making does not meet the subjective and objective conditions, difficult to implement; insufficient planning information, poor planning, resulting in accidents continue to occur; improper command, resulting in the enthusiasm of the workers can not be brought into full play; poor organization, resulting in each other to shirk their responsibilities, pulling the wool over each other's eyes; coordination is not good, resulting in friction clusters; control is not good enough, resulting in plans, directives in form. Lead to the plan, instructions in form. Therefore, managers in improving their own quality at the same time to combine the specific needs of management positions to improve the managerial ability and management level. In order to achieve the comprehensive effectiveness of the elements of productivity to play.

Three, management is tangible, specific management

Whether it is production management, material management, property management, personnel management, etc. to face the business entity, there is no fixed and uniform model, depending on the plant, as appropriate, multi-level coexistence. Therefore, management is tangible, concrete and practical. As a system, management has its own objective regularity. Recognize and master the law of enterprise management will be comfortable, will achieve the best economic benefits. On the contrary, if not according to the law of business management will be punished by it. Part of the school-run enterprises do not know enough about the law of management, management mechanism is not reasonable, did not deal with the relationship between management and economic benefits, as a result, there are many phenomena contrary to the law of production and management of enterprises. Some in the production structure, engage in self-enclosure, so that a large part of the fixed assets of the enterprise idle, not play the efficiency of production, resulting in a waste of resources; some in the management of business, engage in decades of product consistency, do not pay attention to market research, do not pay attention to the development of new products, the imbalance between production, supply and marketing, product backlogs, increased inventory, affecting the transfer of funds and efficiency gains; some in the management of the organization of labor, the organization and equipment and enterprise production scale is not in line with the labor force. Some in the labor organization and management, the organization of the labor force and the enterprise production scale does not match, blindly expanding the workforce, resulting in a waste of labor resources, increasing the burden on the enterprise; some artificially caused by the production and non-production staff of the proportion of the extremely unreasonable, overlapping management agencies, people overworked, unclear responsibilities, so that the management effectiveness of the mutual counteract each other, to the management of the enterprise has brought about a negative factor that affects the improvement of economic efficiency; some in the democratic management of the issue of the Some of the democratic management issues, the lack of democratic consciousness of business leaders, bureaucracy is serious, in the enterprise business decision-making, management, distribution forms and other major issues do not respect the workers and the masses of the right to engage in a one-person hall, blind command, resulting in chaos in business management, losses and waste serious. These phenomena will inevitably lead to slow production and low economic efficiency.

To reverse this situation, and gradually eliminate the unreasonable factors in enterprise management, reform and strengthen the management of enterprises is particularly important. To realize the transformation from backward traditional management to scientific modern management, it is necessary to work on strengthening the effectiveness of management, to create conditions for the formation of a reasonable, stable and optimal management system. We must learn to work according to the objective law, correctly understand and grasp the characteristics of the production movement of the enterprise, seek to adapt to the management mode of operation, the application of the best methods, means, and maximize economic efficiency. Adopting advanced and effective management methods and management means, giving full play to the guiding role of management in production, making the factors of production such as means of production, labor force, capital and other factors of production reasonably laid out, and giving full play to the maximum effect; promoting advanced technology, reducing production costs, enhancing the enterprise's ability of self-digestion and self-modification, and promoting the development of production, so as to make the various links of production cooperate with each other, and to form a powerful and efficient management network for the realization of economic benefits; adopting a variety of flexible forms and means to maximize economic benefits. economic benefits; adopt various flexible forms, give full play to the dynamic role of democratic management on production, properly resolve the contradictions between productive forces and production relations, and establish an efficient, clean, business-savvy and management-oriented workforce centered on production and management. Establish and improve all enterprise rules and regulations, strengthen democratic management and democratic supervision, give full play to the subjective initiative of people, in order to improve the economic efficiency of enterprises to create conditions.

Four, management is a resource

Management is a resource that can improve the economic efficiency of enterprises. This resource because of non-physical and non-quantifiable characteristics are often overlooked, many do not know how to management to economic benefits, will not develop a comprehensive management capacity of enterprises, in emphasizing the effective ways to improve the economy, is always keen to increase investment, expansion of capital construction, the introduction of advanced production technology and other aspects of the article, little consideration for the management of this important resource. In fact, the management of this resource as long as willing to explore will be able to develop new benefits. The same conditions of the enterprise, the correct decision-making, well-planned, well-materialized, well-organized, appropriate measures to bring the economic benefits are different. Reasonable configuration of the various resources of the enterprise, maximize the cost reduction, improve product quality and market share, the smallest input in exchange for large output, in order to achieve the purpose of improving economic efficiency. Therefore, management is also a resource, management is also a productivity, only to strengthen enterprise management, in order to effectively transform management resources into economic benefits.

Improve the economic efficiency of enterprises

Since the beginning of this year, the economic operation of the industrial and transportation has maintained a good development trend, faster growth in production, benefits continue to improve, production and marketing to maintain a better level. But at the same time the operation of a number of new situations and new issues, especially the changes in economic efficiency and development trends deserve great attention.

I, the first half of the industrial economic efficiency of the basic situation

In the first half of the industrial realization of the benefits of the situation shows the following five aspects of the characteristics:

(a) the overall level of industrial economic efficiency continues to improve, but the growth rate fell

In the first half of the industrial enterprises, the economic efficiency of the composite index of 169.94, an increase of 9.78 points compared with the same period last year. Among them, the total asset contribution rate, current asset turnover rate, full labor productivity and other indicators have improved to varying degrees. Industrial enterprises realized profits of RMB 626.6 billion, up 19.1% year-on-year, an increase of 22.5 percentage points lower than that of the same period last year and 1.9 percentage points higher than that of the first quarter.

(2) Losses of loss-making enterprises rose faster

Losses of loss-making enterprises amounted to 107.5 billion yuan, a year-on-year rise of 59.3%, an increase of 57.8 percentage points over the same period last year, and an increase of 22.8 percentage points over the first quarter (36.5%), which is the highest level since 1999.

(C) Two capital employed declined, but still high

At the end of June, the funds in stock of finished goods and net accounts receivable of industrial enterprises amounted to 1,154.9 billion yuan and 2,418.6 billion yuan respectively, up 19.5% and 15.3% year-on-year, and the growth rate dropped 0.4 and 3.4 percentage points compared with that of the same period last year.

(4) Industrial sectors between the level of efficiency significantly differentiated

Since this year, the main industrial sectors for two years the pattern of profit growth across the board has been broken, the benefit of the obvious differentiation.

From the point of view of the changes in industry profits, can be divided into three cases:

One is the profits continue to grow rapidly in the industry. Coal, non-ferrous metals, metallurgy, petrochemical (including petroleum and petrochemical, chemical) industries in the first half of the year to achieve profits increased by 85.6%, 54.5%, 39.8% and 37.2%, these four industries profits total 300.5 billion yuan, accounting for 48% of the country's total industrial profits, combined new profits accounted for the country's new industrial profits of 89.2%.

The second is the stable growth of profits in the industry. Textile, light industry, medicine, tobacco industry realized profit growth of 28.7%, 22.3%, 20.8% and 15.6%, these four industries profit 149.8 billion yuan, accounting for 23.9% of the total national industrial profit.

Thirdly, the profit appeared to decline in the industry. Building materials, machinery, electronics, electric power industry realized profits fell 22.1%, 7.6%, 5.5% and 4.4%, these four industries combined profit reduction of 14.7 billion yuan. The automobile industry in the machinery industry profits fell 48.8% (the same period last year for an increase of 12.6%), a profit reduction of 20.6 billion yuan, is the main reason for the reduction of profits in the machinery industry.

From the situation of industry losses, petrochemical, electronics, building materials, electric power industry loss-making enterprises loss rose higher than the national average, up 3.3 times, 76.6%, 66.1% and 62.2% year-on-year, respectively, rose more than 55 percentage points over the same period last year, the four industries combined new losses of 28.9 billion yuan, accounting for 72.4% of the country's new industrial losses.

(E) between different regions of the industrial enterprise profit growth level differences increase

East, central and western regions realized profits of 406.9 billion yuan, 128.2 billion yuan and 91.5 billion yuan, up 14.2%, 22.5%, 40.3%. 31 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, 24 continued to grow in profits (30 at the same time last year). Realized profits accounted for the proportion of about half of the country's profits in five provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, Shandong, Jiangsu, Heilongjiang profit growth between 24% -48%, Guangdong only 4.4% growth, Shanghai fell 16.3%.

Two, the main reasons for changes in industrial economic efficiency and trend analysis

The current slowdown in the economic efficiency of industrial enterprises is the result of a variety of factors **** with the role. Among them, both production costs continue to rise faster than the market price of factors, but also part of the industry's production capacity to grow faster than the market demand, as well as industrial restructuring, changes in international market demand, exchange rate changes, seasonal factors.

One is the raw fuel, power prices continue to rise higher than the processing industry ex-factory prices. since 2002, raw materials, fuels, power purchase price index continues to be higher than the processing industry ex-factory price index. 2002-2004 the gap between the two were 0.8, 4.6 and 6.6 percentage points, the gap in the first half of this year, the gap further expanded to 7 percentage points. Due to the raw materials, fuel, power purchase prices continue to rise for a long time, the downstream industry digestion capacity is limited, the upstream and downstream industries between the profit pattern of transfer or adjustment.

The second is part of the industry's production capacity grew faster than market demand. In recent years, part of the industry's rapid expansion of production capacity, a number of new projects focused on production. And since last year, fixed asset investment slowdown and other factors leading to the deceleration of demand for some products, industry supply exceeds demand contradiction gradually appeared, market competition intensified, product prices fell, industry profits fell, losses rose. Aluminum, iron and steel, automotive, flat glass, chemical fiber and other industries this situation is more prominent.

Third, seasonal factors. The first quarter is the consumption of cement industry off-season, over the years, more losses than win less. 2004 quarter due to investment and market demand for a strong pull, the cement industry extraordinary development, prices rose significantly, realizing a profit of 3.1 billion yuan. In the first quarter of this year, the overheated demand was effectively suppressed, and the cement industry returned to normal, with a net loss of 350 million yuan. Into the second quarter, the cement industry efficiency downtrend slowed down, the end of May has realized a turnaround, the first half of the profit of 1.76 billion yuan.

Fourth, the international market demand change factors. Due to the international market downturn, the first half of the electronics industry export growth fell more, realizing a profit of 4.5 billion yuan year-on-year reduction, a drop of 76%.

For the current changes in industrial economic efficiency, there should be an objective understanding. Industrial profits from the third quarter of 2002 to the fourth quarter of 2004 has been 10 consecutive quarters to maintain a steady high growth of 30% -40%. The first and second quarter of this year in the previous year's higher base, a moderate decline, still reached more than 15% growth, basically belongs to a reasonable return. However, it should also be seen that the loss of enterprise losses rose sharply, the industry efficiency is obviously differentiated, part of the industry enterprise production and operation of the continued difficulties, but also the actual existence of the more prominent problems, if you let it exist for a long time and gradually expanding, will not only affect the faster growth of the industrial economy, but also cause corporate bankruptcy, unemployment and other social issues, and thus affect the sustained and stable development of the national economy, so need to cause all parties Therefore, it is necessary to draw the attention of all parties.

From the trend of the second half of the year, affecting the efficiency of industrial enterprises of various factors at the same time. On the one hand, with the macro-control policies and measures to gradually show the effect of stable and rapid economic growth trend will not change; most of the upstream raw fuel prices have slowed down, the cost pressure on downstream enterprises will have some relief. On the other hand, part of the industry in recent years, investment and expansion of production capacity successively put into production, will further intensify the competition between similar enterprises, squeezing profit margins; export proportion of the industry will be affected by trade frictions and the appreciation of the RMB in all kinds of impacts; the international market is more uncertain factors. Comprehensive factors, industrial economic efficiency has begun from the previous years of rapid growth stage into a stable growth stage, although some industries may continue to decline in efficiency, but the whole year the economic efficiency of industrial enterprises can still maintain a certain level of growth.

Three, to take comprehensive measures to effectively improve the efficiency and quality of economic operation

Industrial efficiency is an important indicator of the quality of macroeconomic operations. For this year's industrial enterprise efficiency growth rate fell back, the problem of rising losses, we should start from the macro and micro levels, and strive to do a good job to promote the sustained and stable growth of economic efficiency, and effectively improve the quality of economic operation.

(I) further strengthen and improve the macro-control, in order to improve the operating efficiency of enterprises to create a favorable macro-environment. Continue to consolidate the results of the previous stage of macro-control, strictly control the rapid growth of fixed asset investment, especially to curb the blind expansion of production capacity in some industries and the rapid growth of demand for means of production. At the same time, in view of the changes in the efficiency of different industries, to grasp the strength and rhythm of macro-control, and better play the role of market regulation, the prudent introduction of stronger regulatory measures.

(2) Increase structural adjustment efforts to improve the operating efficiency of enterprises to lay the foundation. Increased pressure on business operations, benefits have risen and fallen, it is a favorable time for structural adjustment. To grasp this opportunity to increase structural adjustment efforts. Further improve and release industrial policies to guide and promote industrial restructuring, and support the development of high-tech industries such as information technology, new materials and biotechnology industries. Insist on information technology to drive industrialization, and encourage enterprises to adopt advanced, applicable and mature technologies and high and new technologies for transformation. Efforts will be made to cultivate and enhance the innovation ability and core competitiveness of enterprises, and vigorously develop famous brands with independent intellectual property rights. Formulate and improve relevant laws and regulations, study and improve the qualification of access to relevant industries, improve their quality, safety, environmental protection, energy consumption and other standards, and accelerate the elimination of outdated production processes, equipment, products and capabilities.

(3) Strengthen management, reduce costs, and promote enterprises to improve operational efficiency by practicing hard. Actively guide enterprises to strengthen cost and expense control, and strive to increase revenue and save money, energy saving and consumption reduction, and promote the development of circular economy; further improve the internal management system, improve the level of enterprise management and comprehensive quality, especially to strengthen the management of funds and costs, and improve the level of risk management, and continuously improve the competitiveness of the market.

(4) Increase supply, guide demand, and create conditions for improving business efficiency. First, we should resolutely curb the excessive growth of unreasonable demand, strengthen the demand-side management of electricity, and strictly control the export of energy-consuming, highly polluting and resource-based products. Secondly, comprehensive measures should be taken to vigorously promote the convergence of supply and demand for coal, electricity, oil and transportation, and important raw materials, and to reduce intermediate links. Third, efforts should be made to increase effective supply and accelerate the construction of energy, transportation, railroads and other basic industries and facilities. Fourth, we should make full use of the two markets and resources at home and abroad, and increase imports of resources in short supply domestically. As soon as possible, we should improve relevant policies to encourage enterprises to go global, establish stable resource supply channels, and actively strive for pricing power in the international market. Fifth, encourage enterprises to strengthen the awareness of thrift and frugality, develop and use energy-saving technologies and products, reduce energy consumption and material consumption, and further improve the comprehensive utilization of resources.

(v) Strengthening supervision, standardizing competition, and creating a favorable market atmosphere for improving the operating efficiency of enterprises. Strengthen the important energy, raw materials production, sales, inventory, prices, import and export trends in the monitoring, guidance around the reasonable diversion of important commodity price contradictions, to prevent abnormal and large fluctuations in prices, and strive to maintain the basic stability of market prices. Encourage coal and power enterprises to sign long-term contracts, maintain the relative stability of coal and power prices, and improve the coal and power price linkage mechanism. Increase the market economic order rectification efforts to reduce intermediate links, reduce enterprise costs; increase the price order rectification efforts to strengthen price supervision; increase quality supervision and combat smuggling efforts to regulate the competitive behavior of enterprises.

1. The meaning of economic efficiency

Economic efficiency is the ultimate comprehensive index to measure all economic activities. The so-called economic efficiency of an enterprise is the proportional relationship between the enterprise's gross product and production costs. Expressed by the formula: economic efficiency = gross product / production costs.

Labor productivity refers to the production effect and ability of workers. High labor productivity means the reduction of live labor consumption and the saving of human resources, which is an indispensable condition to improve the economic efficiency of enterprises. In addition, to improve the economic efficiency of enterprises, it is also necessary to reduce the consumption of materialized labor and produce products that meet the needs of the market.

2. The importance of improving the economic efficiency of enterprises

(1) Improving economic efficiency is conducive to enhancing the market competitiveness of enterprises.

(2) Improvement of economic efficiency can make full use of limited resources to create more social wealth and satisfy the growing material and cultural needs of the people.

(3) Improving economic efficiency and improving state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises is the only way to enhance the comprehensive national strength, consolidate the main position of public ownership, and give full play to the superiority of the socialist system.

3. Ways to improve the economic efficiency of enterprises

(1) Relying on scientific and technological progress, adopting advanced technology, arming enterprises with modern science and technology, improving the scientific and cultural level and labor skills of enterprise workers, and transforming the enterprise's mode of economic growth from a crude to an intensive one.

(2) Adopting modern management methods, improving the level of enterprise management, increasing labor productivity, and producing the most products to meet market demand with the least consumption.

Relying on scientific and technological progress and adopting modern management methods to improve the economic efficiency of enterprises is the objective requirement of the law of value.

4. Mergers and bankruptcies

(1) Merger refers to the economic phenomenon of merging enterprises that have good economic performance with those that have suffered long-term losses or even become insolvent.

(2) "strong combination" refers to the large enterprises in order to enhance market competitiveness, in order to obtain greater economic benefits and the implementation of the merger. The implementation of large enterprises, enterprise groups, "strong combination", especially the formation of cross-region, cross-industry, cross-ownership and transnational operation of large enterprise groups, can achieve complementary advantages, optimize the allocation of resources, reduce production costs, improve labor productivity, and promote the research and development of advanced technology to achieve the expansion of market share, access to greater economic benefits. The purpose of expanding market share and obtaining greater economic benefits can be achieved. At the same time, it can also improve the international competitiveness of enterprises and promote the development of China's national industry.

(3) Enterprise bankruptcy refers to the economic phenomenon of implementing bankruptcy settlement in accordance with legal procedures for those enterprises that have suffered long-term losses, are insolvent and have no hope of reversing their losses. The implementation of the enterprise bankruptcy system, is to enhance the competitiveness of China's enterprises the reality of the need.

First of all, it strengthens the enterprise's awareness of risk, stimulates the enterprise's vitality, and enables the enterprise to improve its management, technology and labor productivity under the pressure of bankruptcy risk. Secondly, the establishment of enterprise bankruptcy system can form the competition of superiority and elimination of inferiority, timely elimination of backward enterprises, to achieve the rational allocation of resources and realize the rational adjustment of industrial structure.

Enterprise mergers and bankruptcy is a concrete embodiment of the role of the law of value, the purpose is to optimize the allocation of resources, improve economic efficiency and enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.