Energy Situation and Utilization in China

Energy is the material basis of human activities. In a sense, the development of human society is inseparable from the emergence of high-quality energy and the use of advanced energy technology. In today's world, the development of energy, energy and environment is a common concern of the whole world and all mankind, and it is also an important issue in China's social and economic development.

The word "energy" was rarely mentioned in the past, and it was the two oil crises that made it a hot topic of discussion. Energy is the most basic driving force for the development and economic growth of the whole world and the foundation of human survival. Since the industrial revolution, energy security has emerged. With the rapid development of global economy, international energy security has risen to the national level, and all countries have formulated energy policies with energy supply security as the core. In the following two decades, with the support of stable energy supply, the world economy has achieved tremendous growth. However, while enjoying the benefits of economic development and scientific and technological progress brought by energy, mankind has also encountered a series of inevitable energy security challenges. Energy shortage, resource competition and environmental pollution caused by excessive use of energy threaten the survival and development of mankind.

So what is "energy"? At present, there are about 20 definitions of energy. For example, the Encyclopedia of Science and Technology says: "Energy is a kind of resource, from which energy such as heat, light and power can be obtained"; The Encyclopedia Britannica said: "Energy is a term, which includes all fuels, running water, sunshine and wind, and human beings can use it to provide the energy they need by appropriate means of transformation"; "Encyclopedia of Japan" said: "In all kinds of production activities, we use heat energy, mechanical energy, light energy, electric energy and so on. The work done can be used as various carriers in nature as the source of these energies, which is called energy "; China's Encyclopedia of Energy said: "Energy is an energy carrier resource that can provide any form of energy needed by human beings directly or through conversion, such as light, heat and power." It can be seen that energy is various forms of energy sources, which can be converted to each other.

To be precise and simple, energy is a material resource that can provide some form of energy for human beings in nature.

Generally speaking, all kinds of sources that can be used by human beings to obtain useful energy can be called energy.

Energy is also called energy or energy. Refers to all kinds of energy (such as heat, electricity, light and mechanical energy, etc.). ) or a substance that can do work. Refers to all kinds of resources that can obtain useful energy directly or through processing and transformation, including primary energy such as coal, crude oil, natural gas, coalbed methane, hydropower, nuclear energy, wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, secondary energy such as electricity, heat and refined oil, and other new and renewable energy. Sixteen roads are comparable.

[Edit this paragraph] Classification

There are many kinds of energy sources. Through continuous development and research, more new energy sources begin to meet human needs. According to different division methods, energy can also be divided into different types.

1, according to the source, it can be divided into three categories: the energy contained in the earth itself usually refers to the energy related to the thermal energy in the earth and the energy related to the nuclear reaction.

(1) energy from celestial bodies outside the earth (mainly solar energy). In addition to direct radiation, it also provides a basis for the generation of wind energy, water energy, biological energy and mineral energy. Most of the energy needed by human beings comes directly or indirectly from the sun. It is all kinds of plants that convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis and store it in plants. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are also formed by ancient plants and animals buried underground after a long geological age. They are essentially the fixed solar energy of ancient creatures. In addition, water energy, wind energy, wave energy and ocean current energy are also converted from solar energy.

② The energy contained in the earth itself. Such as nuclear energy and geothermal energy.

(3) The energy generated by the interaction between the earth and other celestial bodies. Such as tidal energy. The magma ejected from hot springs and volcanic eruptions is the expression of geothermal energy. The earth can be divided into three layers: crust, mantle and core. This is a large thermal storage. The earth's crust is a layer of the earth's surface, and its thickness generally ranges from several kilometers to 70 kilometers. Below the crust is the mantle, mostly molten magma, with a thickness of 2900 kilometers. Volcanic eruptions are usually caused by this part of magma. Inside the earth is the core, and the temperature of the core center is 2000 degrees. It can be seen that the geothermal resources on the earth are also great.

2. According to the basic forms of energy, there are primary energy and secondary energy. The former, natural gas energy, refers to the ready-made energy in nature, such as coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower and so on. The latter refers to energy products transformed from primary energy processing, such as electricity, gas, steam and various petroleum products. Primary energy is divided into renewable energy (hydropower, wind energy and biomass energy) and non-renewable energy (coal, oil, natural gas and oil shale). ). According to the production mode, it can be divided into primary energy (natural gas energy) and secondary energy (artificial energy). Primary energy refers to energy resources that exist in natural form and have not been processed or transformed. Primary energy includes renewable hydraulic resources and non-renewable coal, oil and natural gas resources, among which water, oil and natural gas are the core of primary energy and become the basis of global energy. In addition, renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, bioenergy and nuclear energy are also included in the category of primary energy; Secondary energy refers to the direct or indirect transformation of primary energy into other types and forms of energy resources, such as electricity, natural gas, gasoline, diesel, coke, clean coal, laser, biogas and so on.

3. According to the nature of energy, there are fuel energy (coal, oil, natural gas, peat and wood) and non-fuel energy (hydropower, wind energy, geothermal energy and ocean energy). Humans have used fire to use energy other than their own physical strength from the beginning. The earliest fuel was wood, and later various fossil fuels were used, such as coal, oil, natural gas and peat. New energy sources such as solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy and tidal energy are being studied and utilized. At present, the consumption of fossil fuels is large, but the reserves of these fuels on the earth are limited. In the future, uranium and thorium will provide most of the energy needed by the world. Once the technical problem of controlling nuclear fusion is solved, mankind will actually get endless energy.

4. According to whether energy consumption causes environmental pollution, it can be divided into polluting energy and clean energy. Pollution energy includes coal and oil, and clean energy includes hydropower, electricity, solar energy, wind energy and nuclear energy.

5. According to the types of energy use, it can be divided into conventional energy and new energy. Conventional energy includes renewable hydraulic resources and non-renewable coal, oil, natural gas and other resources in primary energy. Compared with conventional energy sources, new energy sources include solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, biomass energy and nuclear fuel for nuclear power generation. Because the energy density of new energy is low, or the grade is low, or intermittent, the economy of conversion and utilization according to the existing technical conditions is still poor, and it is still in the research and development stage, so it can only be developed and utilized according to local conditions; But most of the new energy sources are renewable. It is rich in resources and widely distributed, and will be one of the main energy sources in the future.

6. People usually classify energy sources according to their morphological characteristics or the level of transformation and application. The types of energy recommended by the World Energy Committee are: solid fuel, liquid fuel, gas fuel, hydropower, electric energy, solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, ocean energy and geothermal energy. Among them, the first three are collectively referred to as fossil fuels or fossil energy. The above energy has been recognized by human beings and can be converted into some form of energy that people need under certain conditions. Such as firewood and coal, when heated to a certain temperature, they can combine with oxygen in the air and release a lot of heat energy. We can use heat for heating, cooking or refrigeration, and we can also use heat to generate steam, which can drive a steam turbine to change thermal energy into mechanical energy. You can also use a steam turbine to drive a generator to turn mechanical energy into electrical energy; If electricity is sent to factories, enterprises, institutions, agricultural and pastoral areas and families, it can be converted into mechanical energy, light energy or heat energy.

7. Commodity energy and non-commodity energy, such as coal, oil, natural gas and electricity, which enter the energy market and are sold as commodities, are all commodity energy. International statistics are limited to commodity energy. Non-commodity energy mainly refers to firewood and crop residues (straw, etc.). From 65438 to 0975, the global non-commodity energy was about 0.6 terawatt-year, equivalent to 600 million tons of standard coal. It is estimated that the non-commodity energy in China 1979 is about 290 million tons of standard coal.

8. Renewable energy and non-renewable energy People further classify primary energy. Any energy that can be continuously replenished or regenerated in a short period of time is called renewable energy, and vice versa. Wind energy, water energy, ocean energy, tidal energy, solar energy and biomass energy are all renewable energy sources; Coal, oil and natural gas are non-renewable energy sources. Geothermal energy is basically non-renewable energy, but from the huge reserves on the earth, it is renewable. The new development of nuclear energy will make the nuclear fuel cycle diffuse. The energy of nuclear fusion is 5 ~ 10 times higher than that of nuclear fission, and the most suitable fuel for nuclear fusion, deuterium, is abundant in seawater, which can be described as "inexhaustible". Nuclear energy is one of the pillars of the future energy system.

With the increasing demand for energy in the economic development of countries around the world, many developed countries now pay more attention to the development and research of renewable energy, environmental protection energy and new energy; At the same time, we also believe that with the continuous progress of human science and technology, experts will continue to develop and study more new energy sources to replace existing energy sources, so as to meet the large demand for energy for global economic development and human survival, and we can foresee that there are still many new energy sources on the earth that have not been discovered by human beings waiting for us to explore and study.

[Edit this paragraph] China's energy situation and policies.

China is the largest developing country in the world today. Developing the economy and getting rid of poverty have long been the main tasks of the government of China and the people of China. Since the end of 1970s, China, as the fastest developing country in the world, has made remarkable achievements in economic and social development, successfully opened up the Socialism with Chinese characteristics Road and made great contributions to the development and prosperity of the world.

China is currently the second largest energy producer and consumer in the world. The sustained growth of energy supply has provided important support for economic and social development. The rapid growth of energy consumption has created a broad development space for the world energy market. China has become an indispensable part of the world energy market and is playing an increasingly important and positive role in maintaining global energy security.

Under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, the China Municipal Government has accelerated the development of modern energy industry, adhered to the basic national policy of saving resources and protecting the environment, put the construction of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society in a prominent position in the industrialization and modernization development strategy, strived to enhance the capacity for sustainable development and build an innovative country, and continued to make greater contributions to the development and prosperity of the world economy.

First, the status quo of energy development

Energy resources are the foundation of energy development. Since the founding of New China, the exploration of energy resources has been intensified and many resource evaluations have been organized. China's energy resources have the following characteristics:

-The total amount of energy resources is relatively rich. China is rich in fossil energy resources. Among them, coal is the main. In 2006, the coal reserves were103.45 million tons, and the remaining proven recoverable reserves accounted for about 13% of the world, ranking third in the world. The proven reserves of petroleum and natural gas resources are relatively insufficient, and unconventional fossil energy reserves such as oil shale and coalbed methane have great potential. China is rich in renewable energy resources. The theoretical reserves of hydraulic resources are equivalent to the annual power generation of 6. 1.9 trillion kwh, and the economically exploitable annual power generation is about 1.76 trillion kwh, which is equivalent to 1.02% of the world's hydraulic resources, ranking first in the world.

-The per capita energy resources are low. China has a large population, and its per capita energy resources are at a low level in the world. The per capita possession of coal and water resources is equivalent to 50% of the world average, while the per capita resources of oil and natural gas are only about115 of the world average. Cultivated land resources are less than 30% of the world average, which restricts the development of biomass energy.

-Uneven distribution of energy resources. China's energy resources are widely distributed, but unbalanced. Coal resources are mainly distributed in North China and Northwest China, water resources are mainly distributed in Southwest China, and oil and natural gas resources are mainly distributed in eastern, central and western regions and sea areas. The main energy consumption areas in China are concentrated in the economically developed southeast coastal areas, and the regional differences in resource occurrence and energy consumption are obvious. Large-scale long-distance transportation of coal from the north to the south, oil from the north to the south, gas transmission from the west to the east and electricity transmission from the west to the east are the remarkable characteristics of energy flow direction and the basic pattern of energy transportation in China.

-Energy development is difficult. Compared with the world, the geological mining conditions of coal resources in China are poor, most of the reserves need underground mining, and a very small amount can be used for open-pit mining. The geological conditions of petroleum and natural gas resources are complex, buried deeply, and the technical requirements for exploration and development are high. The undeveloped hydraulic resources are mostly concentrated in the mountains and valleys in the southwest, far from the load center, which is difficult to develop and costly. Unconventional energy resources have low exploration degree, poor economy and lack of competitiveness.

Since the reform and opening up, China's energy industry has developed rapidly, which has made important contributions to ensuring the sustained and rapid development of the national economy, mainly in the following aspects:

-the supply capacity has been significantly improved. After decades of efforts, China has initially formed an energy supply pattern with coal as the main body, electricity as the center and comprehensive development of oil, gas and renewable energy, and basically established a relatively complete energy supply system. A number of 10 million-ton super-large coal mines have been built. In 2006, the total output of primary energy was 226,543.8 million tons of standard coal, ranking second in the world. The output of raw coal is 2.37 billion tons, ranking first in the world. Several large oil production bases such as Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe and Tarim have been built one after another. In 2006, the output of crude oil reached 65.438+0.85 billion tons, achieving steady growth, ranking fifth in the world. Natural gas production has increased rapidly, from198 billion cubic meters to 586 billion cubic meters in 2006. The proportion of commercial renewable energy in the primary energy structure has gradually increased. Power has developed rapidly, with installed capacity and power generation reaching 622 million kilowatts and 2.87 trillion kilowatt hours respectively, ranking second in the world. The comprehensive energy transportation system has developed rapidly and its transportation capacity has been significantly enhanced. The special railway line and port terminal for transporting coal from west to east have been built, and the pipeline network for transporting oil from north to south has been formed, and the main line for transporting gas from west to east has been built, thus realizing the interconnection of power transmission from west to east and regional power grids.

-remarkable energy-saving effect. From 1980 to 2006, China's energy consumption supported the national economy's average annual growth of 9.8% with an average annual growth of 5.6%. At constant prices in 2005, the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP decreased from 3.39 tons of standard coal +0.2 1 ton of standard coal in 2006, with an average annual energy saving rate of 3.9%, which reversed the rising trend of energy consumption per unit of GDP in recent years. The comprehensive efficiency of energy processing, conversion, storage and transportation and terminal utilization is 33%, which is 8 percentage points higher than that of 1980. The energy consumption per unit product has obviously decreased, and the gap between the comprehensive energy consumption of steel, cement, large-scale synthetic ammonia and coal consumption for power supply and the international advanced level has been narrowing.

-The consumption structure has been optimized. China's energy consumption has ranked second in the world. In 2006, the total primary energy consumption was 2.46 billion tons of standard coal. China attaches great importance to optimizing the energy consumption structure. The proportion of coal in primary energy consumption decreased from 72.2% in 1980 to 69.4% in 2006, and the proportion of other energy sources increased from 27.8% to 30.6%. Among them, the proportion of renewable energy and nuclear power increased from 4.0% to 7.2%, and oil and natural gas increased. The optimization trend of terminal energy consumption structure is obvious. The proportion of coal energy converted into electricity increased from 20.7% to 49.6%, and the proportion of commodity energy and clean energy in residents' daily energy consumption increased significantly.

-the level of science and technology has improved rapidly. China has made remarkable achievements in energy science and technology, and the basic research achievements marked by "theory and application of continental oil generation" have greatly promoted the development of petroleum geological science and technology theory. The oil and gas industry has formed a relatively complete exploration and development technology system, especially the exploration and development of complex blocks and enhanced oil recovery are second to none in the world. A number of large-scale mines with international advanced level have been built in the coal industry, and the comprehensive mechanization of coal mining in key coal mines has been significantly improved. In the electric power industry, advanced power generation technology and high-capacity and high-parameter units have been widely used, the design, engineering technology and equipment manufacturing of hydropower stations have reached the world advanced level, nuclear power has initially possessed the independent design and engineering construction capability of million kilowatt pressurized water reactors, and major breakthroughs have been made in the research and development of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and fast breeder reactors. Pollution control such as flue gas desulfurization and the development and utilization of renewable energy have been rapidly improved. Positive and negative 500 kV DC and 750 kV AC transmission demonstration projects were successively completed and put into operation, and positive and negative 800 kV DC and 1000 kV AC UHV transmission test demonstration projects started construction.

-Progress has been made in environmental protection. China government attaches great importance to environmental protection, and strengthening environmental protection has become a basic national policy, and the awareness of environmental protection in all walks of life has generally improved. 1992 After the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, China organized and formulated the China 2 1 Century Agenda, which comprehensively strengthened environmental protection by legal and economic means and made positive progress. China's energy policy also focuses on reducing and effectively controlling environmental damage and pollution caused by energy development and utilization. In 2006, the installation rate of dust removal facilities and the standard rate of wastewater discharge of coal-fired units reached nearly 100%, and the total amount of smoke and dust discharge was basically the same as 1980, and the smoke and dust discharge per unit electricity was reduced by 90%. In 2006, the installed capacity of desulfurization thermal power units completed and put into operation nationwide reached 65.438+0.4 billion kilowatts, exceeding the previous total of 654.38+0 years, and the proportion of thermal power units equipped with desulfurization facilities in the total installed capacity of thermal power increased from 2% in 2000 to 30%.

-The market environment has gradually improved. China's energy market environment has gradually improved, and the reform of the energy industry has steadily advanced. Breakthroughs have been made in the reorganization of energy enterprises, and a modern enterprise system has been basically established. Diversification of investment subjects, rapid growth of energy investment and continuous expansion of market scale. The production and circulation of the coal industry have basically achieved marketization. The electric power industry has realized the separation of government and enterprise, the separation of power plant and network, and established a supervision institution. The oil and gas industry has basically realized the integration of upstream and downstream, domestic and foreign trade. The energy price reform has been deepened and the price mechanism has been continuously improved.

With the rapid development of China's economy and the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the demand for energy is increasing, and the construction of a stable, economical, clean and safe energy supply system is facing great challenges, which are highlighted in the following aspects:

-Outstanding resource constraints and low energy efficiency. The relative shortage of high-quality energy resources in China restricts the improvement of supply capacity; Uneven distribution of energy resources also increases the difficulty of sustained and stable supply; Extensive economic growth mode, unreasonable energy structure, low level of energy technology and equipment, and relatively backward management level have led to higher energy consumption per unit of GDP and major energy-consuming products than the average level of major energy-consuming countries, further aggravating the contradiction between energy supply and demand. It is difficult to meet the increasing consumer demand just by increasing the energy supply.

-Energy consumption is dominated by coal, and environmental pressure is increasing. Coal is the main energy source in China, and the energy structure dominated by coal will be difficult to change for a long time to come. The relatively backward coal production and consumption pattern has increased the pressure of environmental protection. Coal consumption is the main cause of soot air pollution and the main source of greenhouse gas emissions. With the rapid increase of car ownership in China, air pollution in some cities has become a mixture of soot and car exhaust. If this situation continues, it will bring greater pressure to the ecological environment.

-The market system is not perfect, and the emergency response capability needs to be strengthened. China's energy market system needs to be improved, and the energy price mechanism cannot fully reflect the scarcity of resources, the relationship between supply and demand and environmental costs. The order of energy resources exploration and development needs to be further standardized, and the energy supervision system needs to be improved. There are many debts in coal mine production safety, unreasonable power grid structure and insufficient oil reserve capacity. The early warning and emergency system for effectively dealing with energy supply interruption and major emergencies needs to be further improved and strengthened.

[Edit this paragraph] China's energy situation

China is the largest developing country in the world, and it is also a big producer and consumer of energy. Energy output is second only to the United States and Russia, ranking third in the world; Basic energy consumption accounts for L/ 10 of the world's total consumption, ranking second in the world after the United States. China is also a country with coal as the main energy source, and the contradiction between economic development and environmental pollution is more prominent. In recent years, energy security has increasingly become the focus of national life and even the whole society, and has increasingly become a hidden danger of China's strategic security and a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of economy and society. Since 1990s, the sustained and rapid economic development in China has led to a sharp rise in energy consumption. Since 1993, China has changed from a net exporter of energy to a net importer. The total energy consumption has exceeded the total supply, and the external dependence of energy demand has risen rapidly. There are gaps in energy sources such as coal, electricity, oil and natural gas in China. Among them, the huge increase in oil demand and the structural contradictions caused by it have increasingly become the biggest problem facing China's energy security.

Conventional energy and new energy, which have been widely used by human beings and played an important role in human life and production, are called conventional energy, usually referring to coal, oil, natural gas and hydropower. The energy resources that have just been developed and utilized by human beings and need further research and development are called new energy sources. Compared with conventional energy, new energy has different contents in different historical periods and scientific and technological levels. In today's society, new energy usually refers to nuclear energy, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen energy and so on.

[Edit this paragraph] World energy consumption forecast

According to the World Energy Outlook 2007 issued by the International Energy Agency, the global primary energy demand will increase by 55% from 2005 to 2030, with an average annual growth rate of 1.8%. The energy demand will reach 177 million tons of oil equivalent *, and will reach 1 140 million tons of oil equivalent in 2005. Fossil fuels will remain the main source of primary energy, accounting for 84% of the total energy demand growth from 2005 to 2030. Oil is still the most important single fuel, although its proportion in global demand has dropped from 35% to 32%. In 2030, the global oil demand will reach 65,438+160,000 barrels per day, an increase of 32 million barrels per day (37%) compared with 2006. In absolute terms, the demand for coal has increased the most, which is consistent with the rapid growth in recent years. From 2005 to 2030, the demand for coal will increase by 73%, and its proportion in the total energy demand will also increase from 25% to 28%. Most of the increase in coal consumption comes from China and India. The proportion of natural gas increased moderately, from 2 1% to 22%. Electricity consumption will double, and its proportion in terminal energy consumption will rise from 17% to 22%. It is estimated that in order to meet the global demand for energy, it is necessary to invest about $22 trillion in energy supply infrastructure, and it will be a challenge to raise all investment funds.

Developing countries have the fastest economic and population growth, accounting for 74% of the global primary energy consumption growth in the reference scenario. China and India alone accounted for 45% of global growth. OECD countries account for one fifth, and countries with economies in transition account for the remaining 6%. Generally speaking, by 20 15, the energy demand of developing countries will account for 47% of the global energy market, and in 2030 it will account for more than half, while at present it is only 4 1%. The proportion of developing countries in all global primary energy demand (except non-hydro renewable energy) will increase. About half of the increase in global energy demand is used for power generation, and the other fifth is used to meet transportation demand, most of which are petroleum-based fuels.

[Edit this paragraph] World oil market forecast

1. World oil price

World oil price is defined as the average annual purchasing cost of crude oil imported by refining enterprises. This paper describes three different oil prices. The benchmark scenario represents the current judgment on the possible behavior of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries can maintain the world oil price within the range of $ 22-28/barrel by adjusting production. It is estimated that the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries will be the main supplier in the international oil market in the medium term, so its production decision will have a great impact on the world oil price. The world low oil price scenario represents the fierce competition and abundant oil supply in the future market. The high oil price scenario represents that the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries has set a low oil production target for non-economic reasons, which is internally unified and can form a market monopoly.

2. World oil supply

It is predicted that the world oil supply will increase by 44 million barrels per day in 2025 compared with 200 1 year. The increase in output comes not only from OPEC countries, but also from non-OPEC oil-producing countries. However, only 40% of the growth comes from non-OPEC countries. In the past 20 years, the increase of oil production in non-OPEC oil-producing countries has led to the market share of OPEC being far lower than its historical highest market share 1973, that is, 52%. New exploration and mining technologies, lower industrial costs and preferential fiscal and tax policies for manufacturers are all conducive to non-OPEC oil-producing countries to continue to increase oil production. 60% of the increase in oil demand in the next 20 years will be completed by the increase in output of OPEC members, rather than relying on non-OPEC oil-producing countries. It is estimated that the oil output of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries will increase by 25 million barrels per day in 2025 compared with 200 1 year. It is estimated that the capacity of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries in 20 10 is slightly lower than the previous forecast. Some analysts believe that the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries may push up prices by maintaining the strategy of expanding production capacity.