Why is the Han Dynasty an urgent time to establish a "primary school"

What is ancient Chinese? As the name implies, it is the language of ancient Han people. Any language has spoken and written language.

Points. We can't understand what the spoken language of the ancients was like. Today, we can only study ancient Chinese on the basis of written records.

Written language. What about the ancient written language? Please look at the following two paragraphs: history. Confucius said, "My late king had the highest road to virtue, so that he could obey the world.

Do you know what folk harmony is, without complaint from top to bottom? "Ceng Zi out of the table and said," if you are not sensitive, how do you know? Confucius said: "The filial piety of the husband is also the foundation." .

What is taught is innate. "-"Xiao Jing "Confucius disciple, surnamed Zeng Mingshan, came to the root. Confucius said, "The sages have the best virtue,

Key facts. With this activity, the governance of the world is smooth (Mongolian auxiliary word, equivalent to "ah") and everyone (one) of the people is naturally smooth. Up and down

People have no complaints. Do you save (understand)? "Ceng Zi got up and said," I don't save it, how do you know? Confucius said, "Filial piety."

The activity of Tao is the root of virtue. The activity of teaching people is first born out of this filial piety. "-Guan Yunshi's Interpretation of Filial Piety quoted in the first paragraph.

There is a piece of material written by Xiao Jing in classical Chinese. In the second paragraph, Guan Yunshi, the minister of Yuan Dynasty, explained the "vernacular text" in the Book of Filial Piety.

At that time, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty could not understand the Book of Filial Piety, so the minister who was proficient in Chinese explained it in spoken language at that time and wrote it down as an article reflecting that time.

A colloquial dialect. It can be seen that the written language of ancient Chinese also has two systems: classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese. The study of ancient Chinese is not mainly about ancient vernacular,

But classical Chinese.

How did classical Chinese come into being? What does it have to do with spoken English? Classical Chinese was close to spoken English at first, and then it was similar to spoken English one by one.

Gradually out of touch, forming a relatively stereotyped vocabulary and grammar system. Spoken language is constantly developing and changing, while classical Chinese is in a relatively solidified state.

But not on the same floor. Especially after the Qin and Han dynasties, writers can't help but say what they said when they imitated the classic works of the pre-Qin dynasty.

The influence of language and folk creation constantly adds new words to classical Chinese, thus making it develop and change. So we ... ...

It is said that classical Chinese is a written language formed by ancient China people on the basis of pre-Qin spoken language, after more processing and refining, and later dynasties

Writers imitate the language of their works, such as A Hundred Schools of Thought contend, Historical Records, Hanshu, Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, Tongcheng School and so on.

They are all examples of the practical use of ancient Chinese. It was not until the May 4th Movement that classical Chinese gradually withdrew from the historical stage and was replaced by modern vernacular Chinese.

Therefore, the May 4th period is generally defined as the dividing line between ancient Chinese and modern Chinese.

Why did the study of ancient Chinese focus on classical Chinese, especially the prose of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, rather than the ancient vernacular? this is because

In the long social development of our country, classical Chinese has undertaken the task of recording, spreading and accumulating the cultural heritage of the motherland. Many great politicians of all ages,

Thinkers, scientists and literary artists have all used this language, leaving us with a lot of cultural classics. Today we are going to

To inherit this heritage, we must have the ability to read ancient books. So when we study and study ancient Chinese, the natural focus is on classical Chinese. From Yin to Zhou

By the end of the Qing Dynasty, although classical Chinese had changed, its basic vocabulary, structure and expression had been basically shaped and created as early as the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties.

He has created many classic works in classical Chinese. Therefore, as long as you can understand the typical classical Chinese in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, you can understand most of the later classical Chinese.

I learned ancient Chinese very well.

What is the ancient vernacular? Ancient vernacular is a written language formed on the basis of northern dialects after Tang and Song Dynasties. Such as the Tang Dynasty's Bianwen and Dun.

Huang's popular literary works, Song people's plays, Jin and Yuan operas and Ming and Qing novels are all representatives of ancient vernacular Chinese. Although the ancient vernacular is vernacular, it is different.

The vernacular Chinese we speak today is generally based on spoken English, mixed with some classical Chinese elements. Even spoken English, due to geographical and

The difference of the times is not so easy to understand today, so we call it "ancient vernacular" (academic circles generally start from the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties)

The ancient vernacular Chinese formed from the May 4th Movement is called modern Chinese). The ancient vernacular is the link between ancient Chinese and modern Chinese.

Under the influence of ... If you don't know the ancient vernacular, you can't say that you have a comprehensive understanding of ancient Chinese. Therefore, the study of ancient Chinese should also

We should attach importance to the study of ancient vernacular. However, compared with classical Chinese, ancient vernacular Chinese is closer to modern Chinese, and the overall difficulty is less.

Moreover, the use of ancient vernacular Chinese is generally limited to popular literary works after the Tang and Song Dynasties, and cannot be the focus of our study of ancient Chinese. The predecessor was

How to learn ancient Chinese, and what contribution does it make? Ancient Chinese has been learning since it came into being, but it is really a learning problem.

Or start from scratch. Traditional philology in China includes philology, phonology and exegetics, which are collectively called "primary schools". But in different periods, there are differences.

The focus of. Mr. Wang Li believes that the study of ancient Chinese can be roughly divided into three stages from Han Dynasty to Qing Dynasty. From the early Han Dynasty to the late Eastern Jin Dynasty,

It is the semantic research stage, that is, the study of textual research and exegesis. Because the Han Dynasty advocated Confucianism and advocated reading classics, every Confucian scholar required reading.

The ability of ancient books naturally pays more attention to semantic research, and the representative works are Erya, Dialect, Shuowen Jiezi and History.

Name ". During this period, in order to meet the needs of reading classics, there appeared many masters of Confucian classics, the most famous one, Zheng Xuan, who was very interested in The Book of Songs.

The annotations of Zhou Li, Yi Li and Li Ji also have great influence on later generations. The period from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the end of Ming Dynasty is the stage of phonology research. south

After the Northern Dynasties, the discipline of poetry rose, so the study of meter and rhythm became a "hot topic" at that time. In the Southern Dynasties, Shen Yue wrote "Four Tones Spectrum" to explain the situation at that time.

People have realized that Chinese has four tones and applied this understanding to the practice of poetry. During this period, rhyme books have begun to appear, and the Sui Dynasty Lu

Qieyun was written by the French, and it is the earliest rhyme book that can be seen now. It has a very important position in the history of China. According to the pronunciation of cutting clouds,

System, you can push up the ancient sound and test the present sound. Since13rd century, phonetic research has mainly focused on the language of northern dialects. Zhou Deqing in Yuan Dynasty

Central Plains Rhyme, written for northern music creation, is an important historical document of modern Mandarin Chinese. From the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century.

Ji (from the early Qing Dynasty to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom) is the stage of all-round development of Chinese studies and the most fruitful stage. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty severely restrained their thoughts.

Scholars are forced to leave reality and engage in the collation and textual research of ancient books. There are many inventions in the study of ancient Chinese sounds and meanings in this period. Shuowen

"This is the most prosperous research period. Duan, Gui Fu, Wang Yun and Zhu are the four most famous writers in Shuowen. Gaoyou Wu and his son Wang Nianzhi,

Although Wang is not a master of Shuowen, his achievements are above the four schools of Shuowen. At this time, in terms of ancient sounds, especially the study of ancient rhymes, we have obtained

Gu Wu, Jiang Yong, Dai Zhen, Duan, Kong Guangsen, Wang Niansun, Jiang Youhao, Zhang and Huang Kan all made unprecedented progress.

In addition, the study of ancient philology, mainly based on bronze inscriptions and Oracle Bone Inscriptions, has begun to take on a new look. Wu Da, Sun Zhaorang, Luo Zhen, Wang Guowei and Guo Moruo are all.

A famous scholar who studied Jin Wen and Oracle Bone Inscriptions. The compilation of dictionaries has also made great progress, such as the compilation of Kangxi Dictionary, Pei Fu and Tong Zhi.

They are all comprehensive dictionaries. Grammar, as a new knowledge of China Chinese Studies Center, has also made a pioneering development at this time. Ma Jianzhong's

Ma Shi's Wen Tong first created some grammatical terms and divided parts of speech, and became the founder of Chinese grammar.

Throughout the traditional study of ancient Chinese in China, the content is quite rich and the achievements are remarkable. The ancients left us hundreds of Chinese.

This monograph has accumulated a lot of experience and is a valuable legacy. Nevertheless, China's study of Chinese studies is still in its infancy.

Level stage, the lack of developed and complete theoretical system. "Primary school" has always been a vassal of Confucian classics, basically centered on Confucian classics, so it is

In terms of research methods and research objects, there is a widespread phenomenon of emphasizing the ancient over the present, emphasizing the common language over the dialect, and emphasizing the written language over the spoken language, which is bound to be very

Great limitations. After the founding of New China, Mr. Wang Li first opened the course "Ancient Chinese" in the college Chinese course, and since then, it has been opened in universities all over the country.

Response, and set up a national sinology society and specialized research institutions. In the field of ancient China studies, there are many talents and works.

Lin. All these provide good conditions for us to study and study ancient Chinese. How to study hard for ordinary practical scholars?

Less, but more? Learning ancient Chinese is different from learning a foreign language. There are many similarities between ancient and modern Chinese, which is an advantage. But,

Ancient Chinese (mainly classical Chinese at this time) is, after all, an ancient and difficult written language in the past, and you can't learn it well without hard work. say

"know-how" and "shortcut", well sum up the experience of predecessors, take fewer detours, and make full use of the current research results and favorable conditions, then

It is still possible to master ancient Chinese effectively in a short time.

Specifically speaking, it is the combination of sensibility and rationality, and the combination of model essay and law, which means reading a certain number of typical classical Chinese.

Text, consciously master the least commonly used words and the most basic legal knowledge of classical Chinese, the two are combined, complementary and mutually cooperative.

You can learn classical Chinese quickly. Ancient Chinese, compiled by Mr. Wang Li in 1960s, adopts a trinity system of selected works, commonly used words and general theory.

This is a system combining sensibility and rationality. Practice has proved that this is an effective way to learn ancient Chinese. Learn from the ancient Han Dynasty

Why do you want to read the English version of Selected Works?

Because the purpose of learning ancient Chinese is to read ancient books, anthology is an example of ancient books, which are different in words, phonology, vocabulary and grammar.

Comprehensive embodiment of China's ancient knowledge. If you don't read selected books, you can't master knowledge, and it's hard to improve your ability to read ancient books.

So, what should we pay attention to when reading Selected Works? First, focus on language, not literature. Such as The Analects of Confucius Zhang.

: "Drum Shi Si, Keng Er, made of color." As a literary work, after understanding the sentences, we should focus on understanding what kind of feelings these sentences describe.

Context expresses the characters' interests, hobbies and attitudes. As ancient materials in China, it is required to understand "drum", "instrument" and "hope".

The ancient and modern meanings and usages of the words "pit", "er", "she", "er" and "Zuo" cannot reach the ancient Chinese unless we understand them effectively.

Requirements of language learning. Read word for word, don't swallow the dates. As a precedent, according to the requirements of learning ancient Chinese, we should understand that,

"Drum" was originally a noun and used as a verb here, but it should be interpreted as "beating" rather than "beating" because "beating" is different from "drum".

It is a kind of plucked instrument, and "hope" and "rarity" are the same. It can't be interpreted as "rarity" here, but Joseph's voice gradually slows down and weakens, approaching the tail.

Sound. "er" is an auxiliary word, which is used after the onomatopoeic word "keng" to enlighten the sound made by pushing musical instruments. Add "er" or "er" after onomatopoeic words or adjectives.

"Ran" is the same word formation method. "Left" is generally interpreted as "labor", and the original meaning is used here, which is interpreted as "getting up", that is, "getting up".

"Er" is a conjunction, which connects "Shese" and "Left" actions, but it is not a coordinate relationship, but a partial relationship. That's what reading anthologies should be like.

Word for word, carefully compare and scrutinize. Of course, not every sentence should be equally hard. It can be focused or general, but it must be so careful.

Attitude. Also pay attention to common words and special sentence patterns. For example, Zuo Zhuan and Zhu retired from Qin: "Qin Bo surrounded Zheng Yujin because he was rude to Jin.

And the second is Chu. Ling is from Yinan. For the words "Jin Hou", "Qin Bo", "Zheng", "Chu" and "Han Mausoleum" in this passage,

"Yinan" and other names, titles, country names, place names, etc. It can be roughly understood that the sentence pattern of "Jin Hou Qin Bowei Zheng" is the same in ancient and modern times.

You don't have to work hard. Faced with the meaning or usage of common words such as "Yi", "Qi", "Yu", "Er" and "Jun",

We should also pay attention to the comparative analysis of sentence patterns such as "rudely to ……" and "secondly to ……" which are different from modern Chinese. "rude to

Although the sentence pattern of "…" is similar to "Er Yu …", their meanings are not exactly the same. "Being rude to Kim" means being rude to Kim.

"intrigue" does not mean that you have second thoughts about Chu, but that you are friendly with Jin on the surface, but in fact you are friendly with Chu. Read with heart. Ancient Chinese used words to make sentences.

Different from modern Chinese in many aspects, it has a special set of vocabulary, sentence patterns and modification techniques, which has become the written language of the past era.

To really get familiar with ancient Chinese and master its nuances, the best way is to read more and get familiar with some fragments on the basis of understanding.

Enough to recite. If there are a dozen or dozens of ancient Chinese texts that are catchy and familiar, then some common sentence patterns in ancient Chinese are established.

Content words and function words, such as "almost", also have the meaning of "as if Pepsi is only familiar with it", "being familiar is refined" and "being refined is skillful". "Time since.

It's cooked "

To learn ancient Chinese, we should not only pay attention to reading selected works, but also learn the theoretical knowledge of ancient Chinese and summarize the articles summarized by predecessors.

Learn Chinese characters, phonology, vocabulary, grammar and other knowledge, and use it to control and analyze ancient Chinese corpus. This can really get twice the result with half the effort.

Do more with less. In today's era of constantly updating knowledge, it is impossible and should not be like the ancients for ten years.

Completely immersed in the pile of ancient books, slowly explore and understand with your own perceptual experience. It takes too much effort and time to do so. Besides, today we have

There are many advantages, because the predecessors spent a lot of energy to sort out the knowledge about the laws of ancient Chinese for us. The knowledge of ancient Chinese involves a lot.

Wide, the focus should be on learning vocabulary knowledge and grammar knowledge. Words are components of language. If you want to read ancient books, you must master at least 1000.

Words.

The so-called common words refer to the words that are used most frequently in ancient books, not those that are rarely used. so-called

"Mastering" means understanding and remembering the common meanings of these commonly used words, especially the subtle differences, through the comparison between ancient and modern times. Historical records.

"Biography of Xiang Yu": "Fierce as a tiger, ruthless as a sheep, greedy as a wolf, strong as an angel, all cut it." We know that sheep are very docile. How do you say "cruel"

Like sheep? It turns out that "malice" means "disobedience" in ancient times. This sheep is sometimes stubborn. If you pull it, it just won't go. Another example is Hanshu. suddenly

Guang Chuan: "Guang Xiang Qin married General Zuo (Shangguan Jie). Beginners point out that Huo Guang is a man and Shangguan Jie is a general left.

But it's also a man. It is incomprehensible to say that two people are "married". In fact, in ancient times, the relatives of the married woman could be called "husbands", while the man

Relatives can be called "in-laws", which means that Huo Guang's eldest daughter is married to Shangguan Jie's son, and the two sides become a "family". It should be ancient.

Learn these common words step by step in comparison. When learning ancient Chinese grammar, we should focus on the differences between ancient and modern grammar. Because people in ancient and modern China

Some basic grammar rules (such as putting verbs before predicates, and both verbs and adjectives can be used as predicates). ) It's the same in ancient and modern times, there's no need to learn by rote.

As for the differences between ancient and modern times (such as the flexible use of parts of speech, special word order, special sentence patterns, special passive expressions, and the use of some commonly used function words)

Law, etc. ) It should be easy to master. Such as historical records. Biography of Bian Que: "So, Bian Que is the most alive and dead person in the world." "Life and death" in this sentence

What do you mean? It is meaningless to understand according to the grammatical rules of modern Chinese. In ancient Chinese, the word "sheng" here is the causative of intransitive verbs.

Usage means alive. "Life and death" means that Bian Que can bring the dead back to life. Only by paying attention to these special laws can we correctly understand the original text. Solution, meaningless. In ancient Chinese, the word "sheng" here is the usage of intransitive verbs, meaning to be alive. "Life and death" means that Bian Que can bring the dead back to life. Only by paying attention to these special laws can we correctly understand the original text.