Characteristics and historical role of peasant war in the middle and early Yuan Dynasty

From 1279, when the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and unified the whole country, to 135 1, the peasant uprising broke out at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Although the rule of the Yuan Dynasty was relatively stable, the struggle of all ethnic groups against the rule of the Yuan Dynasty never stopped. Due to the characteristics of the times and the Yuan Dynasty, the peasant uprising in this period showed some characteristics different from those in the past. Although these peasant uprisings were suppressed, they were of great significance to the ruling policy and social development of the Yuan Dynasty. First, the characteristics of the uprising The number of peasant uprisings is large and the area is wide. At the beginning of the dynasty, there was a relatively stable period of unification, regardless of the length of time. However, the Yuan Dynasty was different. From the very beginning, there was armed resistance from the people. 179 the yuan dynasty collapsed, and after the southern song dynasty unified the whole country, the people's American resistance struggles broke out one after another. During Yuan Shizu's reign, it was called Yuan Dynasty's rule, but the American people's armed uprising continued. According to incomplete statistics, there were hundreds of recorded large-scale uprisings in the fifteen years after Yuan Shizu destroyed the Song Dynasty. Later, during the periods of Chengzong, Wuzong, Renzong, Yingzong, Taiding and Wenzong, peasant uprisings also emerged one after another. In the early days of Yuan Shundi ruled by Yuan Dynasty, bandits and robbers were rampant everywhere, and the number of peasant uprisings was rare in history. Judging from the scope of the uprising, not only Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Huguang, Jiangxi, Yunnan and other provinces, that is, the central region ruled by the Southern Song Dynasty, but also the central region ruled by the Yuan Dynasty, such as Shandong, Hebei and Shanxi, that is, the abdomen directly under the Central Committee of the Yuan Dynasty, the armed uprising in China continued. Even in the northernmost sakhalin island of Liaoyang Province and the Mongolian Plateau of Lingbei Province, people of all ethnic groups, including Mongolians, held armed uprisings. During the Yuan Dynasty, the feudal landlord class headed by Mongolian aristocrats brutally oppressed and deprived people of all ethnic groups, class contradictions in various regions never eased, and the people's struggle against the United States never stopped. Therefore, the peasant uprisings in Yuan Dynasty showed the characteristics of many times and wide areas. Ethnic uprisings are particularly common in peasant uprisings in the early and middle Yuan Dynasty. Some uprisings were initiated and led by local officials or ethnic elites. This is another feature of the peasant uprising in this period. The Yuan Dynasty was a unified multi-ethnic country, and many ethnic groups lived in its vast territory. Their ethnic composition is complex and their social development level is very different. However, many ethnic groups held armed uprisings against the Yuan Dynasty. She people live in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. In April of the 13th year of Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian army captured Lin 'an. Under the leadership of Mrs. Xu, she organized the She Army to resist Yuan and supported Zhang Shijie in Fujian. In the fifteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Mrs. Xu was in Jianning, fighting against the Yuan Dynasty with the She and Han people. Li De, who rose in Guangdong in the late Yuan Dynasty, was a cave dealer, some of whom were recorded as local tyrants, so he was a leader of ethnic minorities. In July of the 23rd year of Yuan Dynasty, the Yi people in Wumeng, Yunnan Province, led by Chief Amon, launched an uprising against the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan government sent troops to Sichuan and Yunnan to visit the Privy Council to suppress it. Since the twenty-four years of Yuan Dynasty, the rebellion in Fujian and Guangdong has been dominated by the She nationality. In the twenty-sixth year of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yao people in Hunan launched an armed uprising. Zeng Dagao, Liao Dagao, Xiao Dagao and Gao were the leaders of Yao people in different places. In the fifth year of Dade, Song Longji, a local official in Yunnan, led the Yao people to resist the Yuan government's conscription. Another female leader of Yao Uprising, Jie.

The frequent uprisings of ethnic minorities are mainly due to the increasing oppression and exploitation of ethnic minorities by Mongolian nobles. Song dynasty paid less taxes and paid less attention to corvee in minority areas, but Yuan dynasty was different. It not only strengthened the rule and investigation of the Han people, but also pardoned all ethnic minorities, and local officials and chiefs also suffered losses. Therefore, some leaders also rose up against the laws of the Yuan Dynasty. Uprising with the color of national struggle. Peasant uprisings in the early Yuan Dynasty often targeted Mongolian nobles and civil and military officials at all levels in the Yuan Dynasty and supported the remnants of anti-Yuan forces in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the 14th year of Yuan Dynasty, after the uprising of Chen Tiaoyan and Mrs. Xu of She nationality, hundreds of thousands of people supported Zhang Shijie and opposed the struggle of Yuan Dynasty. Hubei uprising leaders also supported Chen and Wen Tianxiang's struggle against Yuan. Therefore, Fu is the most popular in Hubei. After Lu Xiufu lost Zhao Min to the sea in the Battle of Gushan, some peasant rebels still carried the banner, such as 1283, the Zhao monk uprising in Xichuan, and even claimed to be imperial clan. Zhang Qiang of Dongguan County upheld justice and called for the revival of the Song Dynasty. Therefore, many Han officials and landlords in the Yuan Dynasty also sympathized with or supported the peasant uprising. In December of the 20th year of the Yuan Dynasty, the executioner Wu lived in Qingtian Cormorant and conspired with Hua Tuo, a political thief. This Wu was punished as a landlord of the Han nationality. In the thirty years of the Yuan Dynasty, a peasant uprising took place in the western province of Kangxing. On February 26th, the People's Government of Jiangxi Province made a formal statement of losing the case in the American court: Good friends are thieves in the south of the Yangtze River. Because some Han landlords secretly supported the rebels, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty banned weapons in the south of the Yangtze River and prohibited Han people from holding weapons. In November of the last five years of Yuan Dynasty, an uprising led by Meng Fan, a small official, took place in Henan. Under the false imperial edict, he killed Lu Timur and Zuo Cheng, robbed the enemy, visited home, took charge of Salima, occupied Kaifeng, dispatched troops and guarded the river. Although the Meng Uprising failed, it was a great blow to the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. Farmers and some Han landlords supported or sympathized with the anti-Yuan struggle because there was always a national contradiction between Han landlords and Mongolian landlords in the Yuan Dynasty. In order to ensure their dominance, Mongolian nobles imposed various restrictions on the rights of Han landlords. Mongolian rulers do not allow Han landlords to hold senior positions, hold weapons and exercise military power, except for a few elites. Imperial examination is the main way for Han landlords and intellectuals to be officials. Although the Imperial Examination was abolished for a long time in the Yuan Dynasty, it was once resumed, but various restrictions were imposed on the Han people in terms of examination content, admission ranking and quantity, which hindered their official career. Before the law, Mongolians and Han people are unequal and commit the same crime. In ancient Bi Meng, the punishment for Han people was much heavier. Even when he became an official, the Han Palace was much lower than the Mongols in terms of political power and descendants. So there are always contradictions between Mongolian landlords and China landlords. The sympathy and support of some Han landlords for the peasant uprising and the anti-Yuan uprising launched by local petty officials is a reflection of this contradiction. Second, the historical role of peasant uprising in the early Yuan Dynasty in impacting feudal rule. Although most of the peasant uprisings in the middle were small in scale and the struggle time was not long, they also dealt a heavy blow to feudal rule. After the peasant uprising broke out, its spearhead was first aimed at officials at all levels who rode on their heads to dominate. They plundered counties, burned treasuries, killed county officials, and wiped out bandits wherever they went. Because many people lost their lives, they made a small fortune. Farmers kill civil and military officials, confiscate the state treasury, pay wages and help the poor. At the same time, farmers, the court can't control, the county can.