Details of the ancient city of Yinghao in Mohenjo

Chinese name: Mohenjodaro archaeological site

English name: archaeological site of Moenjodaro

Country: Pakistan

Mainland: Asia

Mohenjo's archaeological site is located in Lacana County, Sindh Province in southern Pakistan, near the right bank of the Indus River. 1980 UNESCO listed the archaeological site of Yinghao in Mohenjo as a cultural heritage in the World Heritage List.

Today, the earliest civilization in Pakistan developed in the fertile Indus Valley. Around 2500 BC, big cities appeared here, one of which was Mohenjo, a hero in the legal field.

Edit this part of the city planning

Mohenjo's urban master plan is very advanced and scientific, which is a great achievement of civil engineering at that time. No wonder many people call it "Manhattan in the Bronze Age", but in Sindh dialect, Mohenjo Law Hero really means "Mountain of Death". This most representative Indus city site in the heyday of ancient civilization was finally revealed in the 20th century after being buried underground for thousands of years.

The whole city is divided into several parts, including a "castle" on high ground and a low-lying urban area. A broad main road runs through the city from the north of Henan, and an east-west street intersects it at right angles every few meters. In addition, there is an irregular road network composed of alleys and small streets. The walls of residential buildings are very thick, indicating that there are at least two floors, most of which are multi-storey. Some houses are very big, with several yards, and some are simple single-room houses.

The house is made of sintered bricks. Archaeologists believe that "the fineness of bricklaying can hardly be improved". The ground floor of most houses facing the road is blank and there is no window-this urban custom aimed at preventing bad weather, noise, smell, neighbor harassment and robber invasion is still used in many places in the Near East. Usually, the main entrance of the house is located in the back alley, facing a spacious hall and a courtyard. The house is well lit and ventilated.

When Europeans were still living in the countryside and Stonehenge was built on King's Island, the Harappans living in the Indus Valley had the most advanced water supply and sewage system in the world. In Mohenjo, a well network provides convenient water sources for every block.

Almost every family has a bathing platform, and many families also have toilets. There is also a wide drainage system in the city, which can take away excess water. 1925 The excavated large bath pool is a brick pool surrounded by large buildings, which is located in the center of the urban public sector and contains a deep pool. This was a technological miracle at that time and unique in ancient Indian architecture.

Most researchers believe that a big bath is more than just a public bathing area. Large baths and numerous bathing platforms show that baptism was very popular in the society at that time, and it is still common in Pakistan and India today.

According to archaeologists, commerce, agriculture, processing industry and other industries were extremely developed during the heroic period of Mohenjo Law. Although limited by the production and economic level at that time, the lifestyle of ordinary people may be quite simple, but archaeological discoveries still have many luxuries. In art, there is a stone statue of a man, with a height of 19 cm, which is one of the few stone carvings found by heroes in Mohenjo's legal circle and can be called a fine work. Some exquisite metal products, jewelry and pottery are also constantly being discovered. In addition, a large number of seals engraved with mysterious words or patterns were found in Mohenjo's legal circle.

Almost more difficult to explain than creating these miracles is that the civilization of Mohenjo, a great city, suddenly disappeared at some time in the first half of 2000 BC, leaving almost no trace of continuity. There are different opinions about the reasons for the destruction of ancient civilization, such as alien invasion, flood, desert invasion, etc ... So far no one has been able to decipher the mysterious words on the seal. Where do these smart people who have mastered hieroglyphics and carving art and have a talent for urban planning come from? Nobody really knows. They, together with these advanced cultures they planned, seem to have been accidentally generated from the strange and thin air in ancient times and suddenly disappeared.

Today, Pakistan is racing against time to save Mohenjo as much as possible. Since excavation began in the 1920s, 30% of the exposed ruins in this city have collapsed. If we can't stop the deteriorating situation of Mohenjo's legal heroes, this ancient city with 5000 years of civilization will disappear again, and this time, it will disappear forever.

Edit the mystery of destruction in this paragraph.

At the beginning of the 20th century, an exciting archaeological discovery solved a scientific topic that historians have been arguing for a long time-who was the master of ancient Indian civilization. With the discovery and excavation of the ancient cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro, the fog was finally cleared away, and history announced to the world with its irrefutable truth that it was the Dalovitas who created the splendid civilization of ancient India, not the invading Aryans. The Indus Valley is undoubtedly one of the cradles of world civilization.

The splendid Harappa culture, together with other ancient urban cultural sites found in the Indus Valley, is distributed in a vast area with a length of about 65,438+0,500 kilometers from east to west and 65,438+0,654 38+0,000 kilometers from north to south. Historians call it Harappa culture. Among these ancient cities, Mohenjo's heroes and Harappa are the largest.

From the excavation of the site, people were surprised to see the extraordinary historical power of the ancient Dravidians.

The architectural forms of the two ancient cities are roughly the same, with a circumference of more than 3 miles. Mohenjo's heroes cover an area of 260 hectares and consist of the Acropolis and the lower city. There are towering towers around the Acropolis.

There are big bathhouses, granaries, spacious conference halls and many other public buildings in the city. In addition, the ancient city also has wide avenues, reasonably configured alleys, complete drainage systems and exquisite pumping wells.

All these show the elaborate design and superb technical level of the ancient Dravidians when they built the city.

There are still various agricultural production tools and handicraft tools left in the city; Agricultural products include cotton, wheat, dates, melons and fruits; Livestock and poultry have been widely domesticated, including buffalo, sheep, camel, dog, horse and chicken. Industrial products include plain pottery, painted pottery, yarn, cloth and bronze ware; The most striking thing is that the seal engraved with rhinoceros and a large number of stone weights were also found in the relics. By comparison, we know that the Dalai Lama had mastered the decimal calculation rules at that time, and the basic unit of weight was 0.86 kg. The ruler fragments made of shells are engraved with accurate scales; Ships were also found in the city, which made people believe that commerce was developed on the basis of the considerable development of agriculture and handicrafts at that time. Many businessmen gather in this city to do business and trade with overseas.

Among the unearthed cultural relics, there are a large number of beautifully shaped works of art, such as figurines, bone carvings and paintings. There are more than 2000 amulets. What is refreshing is the animal images and text symbols on the seal. According to statistics, there are about 400, including human, fish, foot, table and so on. Although there is no accurate appraisal so far, people have reason to judge that the cultural and artistic level at that time has reached a very high level.

In a word, the ancient Mohenjo legal hero is a prosperous and beautiful city. At the same time, it also shows that around 2500 BC, the Indian subcontinent has entered the early national stage. This city may be the capital of the rulers at that time.

The sudden destruction of Mohenjo's legal hero Although Mohenjo's legal hero has prospered for many centuries, in the eyes of historians, it can only be a fleeting moment. By the middle of BC18th century, the Harappa culture suddenly declined, and many places in the Indus Valley were destroyed, especially the heroes of Mohenjo. In addition to the burning wreckage, the streets and alleys are full of bones of men, women and children, and the whole city is in ruins, which people call "the mountain of death".

How was Mohenjo Law Hero destroyed? This has become an important topic for archaeologists to explore.

Some people think that this is the result of drastic changes and struggles within the city. But this assumption seems to lack convincing scientific evidence. Others believe that the invasion of Aryans is the root cause of this destruction process. Although this view is supported by archaeological documents, such as Baluchistan tribes, tribes near Iran, or neighboring tribes near indus valley civilization, it is likely that they all participated in this process one after another. Archaeological data prove that they did invade this area. However, which tribe first entered this area? Who is the initiator of this "heroic behavior"? No matter from historical facts or tribal myths or legends involved in this process, we can't find even vague information.

Through scientists' long-term exploration and research, this historical mystery has finally been solved. It turned out to be destroyed by a huge explosion and fire. The huge explosive force not only destroyed all buildings within the radius of the ancient city 1 km, but also killed people and animals walking in the street and staying at home. It turned out that natural disasters destroyed this prosperous and beautiful ancient city.

Scientists have confirmed that this huge explosive force comes from the dual effects of electromagnetic fields and cosmic rays in the atmosphere. Very active chemical particles in the air lead to the generation of aerosols, which quickly accumulate and occupy a vast space, forming spheres of different sizes. Some of these physical and chemical spheres are called "cold balls", which are dark and opaque "black lightning" and have not been burned; Some are "shiny" spheres, which are lemon yellow or bright white.

The above phenomena have appeared since ancient times. It is recorded in the Chronicle of Pharaoh Thutmose III of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt that a bright fireball appeared in the air on the morning of the third month in the winter of 22 years. The ancient Greeks and Romans have described this phenomenon many times.

Black or white spheres of different sizes formed in the atmosphere can produce highly toxic substances and quickly poison the air. The residents of Mohenjo's heroes probably suffered from toxic air, and then experienced a violent explosion, which made them perish together with their own civilization.

Mahabharata, a long narrative epic in ancient India, vaguely mentions the destruction of Mohenjo Datum. The poem describes "lightning", "no fireworks", "earth-shattering explosion" and the tragic scene of boiling river and cooking fish at high temperature.

Science has finally temporarily solved the eternal mystery of this history. But is there a new explanation? There is no end to scientific exploration, and what we get is only a temporary period.