The role of Russian serfdom reform law

The economic system of exploiting and enslaving serfs established by feudal owners in feudal society. Because the main object of exploitation is serfs, it is also called feudal lords system. Under this system, a few feudal lords or serf owners occupied most of the means of production, such as land, mountains, grasslands and rivers, and some occupied serfs; The serf got a piece of land from the serf owner. As a price, they must cultivate the land of the Lord for free, undertake all kinds of labor, and hand over most of their labor products. The basic feature of serfdom is that serfs are bound to the land and have to be attached to serf owners. The serf owners, on the other hand, used this personal attachment relationship to carry out super-economic forced exploitation of serfs. The land rent of serfdom is mainly labor rent, supplemented by a small amount of physical rent and monetary rent. Typical serfdom originated in medieval Europe. It was built on the ruins of Roman slavery. Until the19th century, Russia and India still maintained serfdom. The serfs in these areas have close ties with rural communes. Whether serfdom existed in the history of China, there are different opinions in academic circles. Before the democratic reform, about 4 million ethnic minorities in China lived under serfdom. The most typical ones are the serfdom in Tibet and the feudal lords system of Dai nationality in Xishuangbanna. In China and Tibet, during the democratic reform in 1959, serfdom was completely eliminated.

/kloc-in the 4th century, with the strengthening of the political and economic strength of Moscow Principality, the external harassment was reduced, and the Russian feudal economy developed rapidly. /kloc-in the 0/5th century, a class of small fief occupiers appeared, called landlords and nobles or small nobles. In order to extract the maximum benefits from the fiefs, landlords and nobles must have enough labor, so they all tried their best to fix their dependent farmers on the land. In modern times, the tsar made many laws to restrict farmers' migration. 1649, tsar alexei mikhailovich issued a code stipulating that no matter how long the peasants fled, as long as they were found, they must return them to their original owners together with their families and all their property. The code legally established Russian serfdom, which marked the formation of Russian serfdom.

The serfdom fetters the people's free labor force and hinders the development of the national economy, which is the reason why Russia is backward.

Ancient emperors divided the territory they developed into subjects with the same surname and the same work, and asked them to establish vassal states on the divided territory to screen the emperor's political system, also known as "establishing the country by closing the land", according to the rank of emperor, vassal, doctor, scholar and Shu Ren.

At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, due to the demise of merchants and the victory of the Eastern Expedition, Zhou rulers began to enfeoffment princes. Children with the same surname are blocked, but there are also heroes with different surnames. Through the title, Zhou Tianzi distributed land and residents to vassal states, asking them to establish vassal states in their fiefs. The vassal has the right to manage the residents in the fief and to enfeoffment his fief and residents to his relatives, which is called the vassal doctor. Governors must obey the orders of the Zhou emperor; Tribute should be paid regularly, and you should always be ready to lead your samurai and army and accept the command of the Zhou Emperor. The enfeoffment system formed a hierarchical system headed by Zhou Tianzi, which was the basic structure of Zhou society. Although the county system was mainly implemented after Qin dynasty, the enfeoffment system still existed in a certain range.

Feudal system, also called enfeoffment system, is the original meaning of feudalism in ancient Chinese. The "feudalism" in ancient literature is the "enfeoffment system". "Feudalism" is a social system in which the Zhou royal family divided the land of generals into princes. Under "feudalism", the national land was not entirely owned by the Zhou royal family, but by the vassals who obtained the fiefs. They have all the resources and interests of the enclosed land, and they can fulfill their obligations only by paying a certain tribute to the Zhou royal family, which is equivalent to the relationship between the medieval European kingdoms and the Holy See, which is the basis of federalism in the modern sense. Zhou Wang is the * * * Lord (this * * Lord is the leader pattern left over from the clan society, and Yu is the last clan * * * Lord). Theoretically, the vassal's land can be reclaimed and redistributed by the Zhou royal family after his death, but it is generally hereditary.

During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, with the disintegration of the Jing Tian system and the development of the hegemony war, the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty declined, and the situation of "ritual and music conquering from the emperor" was replaced by "ritual and music conquering from the princes", and the status of the king of Zhou as the "master of the world" lost, and the "enfeoffment system" began to be destroyed. After Qin Shihuang unified China, the "enfeoffment system" was abolished, and the Qin Dynasty implemented a single "county system" throughout the country.

The Han dynasty inherited the "county system" of the Qin dynasty. This administrative division management system is different from that of the Qin Dynasty. At the same time, the "county system" and the feudal system were implemented, including the kingdom and the vassal state. These two parallel systems are also called "county system". Although the Han dynasty was a parallel system of counties and countries, it was still dominated by the county system. In the early Han Dynasty, Liu Bang faced the patchwork of the forces of the vassal states and the background of the six countries after the death of Qin. His primary task is: to strive for stability, to eradicate the princes with different surnames, and to reconcile the polarization between the princes with different surnames and the county system by giving their descendants the right to vote. When Liu Bang fought against Xiang Yu, he created seven kings with different surnames. After he proclaimed himself emperor, he enfeoffed nine kings with the same surname, which made the struggle between the central government and enfeoffed countries protracted. In the early Han Dynasty, the feudal system was restored, and the county system was implemented at the same time, which made the counties and countries mixed and contained each other and played a positive role in maintaining centralization and national unity.

In the history of China, from the Three Kingdoms to the last dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, the "enfeoffment system" was implemented to varying degrees in various periods, but the enfeoffment system was not the main body; After the political power of each dynasty was stabilized, feudal countries and post-countries actually became one of the administrative division systems, or were formally enfeoffed; Even if there is a warlord regime, in most cases, it is necessary to accept the knighthood of the Central Plains Dynasty. For example, Ma Yin, the king of Chu in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, was named "King of Chu" in 927 (Tiancheng two years), although he was founded in 907.

Buster's New International Dictionary (third edition) defines feudalism as a type of government: "Political rights are regarded as private rights and owned by a group of lords." René said: "Feudalism is an extreme social situation with no political center. At that time, the public power we are talking about today was dispersed by some individuals. "

What are the essence and characteristics of feudalism? As Mr. Huang Renyu said, feudalism must have three elements:

One is the crushing of authority, that is, the supreme royal family is actually unable to rule the jurisdiction. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the emperor of Zhou could not rule the whole of China.

The second is multi-level package, which is similar to the so-called "multi-level principal-agent". Zhou Tianzi ruled princes, princes ruled doctors, and doctors ruled ministers. In the Warring States period, it was the other way around, similar to the so-called "rule capture". This is true in West Renye Fang.

The third is the samurai tradition, which can be seen from Zhou Shi and European knights.

Qin Shihuang unified the world and implemented the county system. There was no enfeoffment system at all. So in a narrow sense, China has ended the feudal era and entered the era of centralization. Later, Emperor Gaozu founded the country, and in order to appease the heroes, the enfeoffment system was combined with counties. After the rebellion of the Seven Kings, Hanwu withdrew. Since then, almost all counties in China have been given priority to, supplemented by the enfeoffment system. However, the right to be crowned king has shrunk greatly.

The political state in medieval Europe was also a concrete form of traditional society. In other words, the warring ruling group is small in scale and control area, and the degree of organization within the ruling group is low, which can be called "feudalism in a narrow sense". In this way, China, as a "traditional society" with a history of 3,000 years, was not a "narrow feudal society" most of the time, but a unified bureaucratic empire, which could only be regarded as a "narrow feudal society" in the Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period and the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Many historians don't think that ancient China after the Qin Dynasty belonged to a feudal society, because it was very different from the feudal countries in medieval Europe, and the original meaning of "feudalism" refers to the political situation in medieval Europe.

During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Russia was a serf system, and the Qing Dynasty was a feudal system.