What are the types of routers and what is TP-LINK?

The classification and application of routers can not be separated from the analysis of the working principle of routers, which determines its main classification and application scope. In order to simply explain the working principle of the router, now we assume that there is such a simple network.

As shown in the figure, four networks, A, B, C and D, are connected by routers. Now let's take a look at how the router plays its role in routing and data forwarding in the network environment as shown in the figure. Now suppose that user A 1 in network A wants to send a request signal to C3 user in network C, and the steps of signal transmission are as follows:

Step 1: User A 1 sends the address C3 and data information of the destination user C3 to all nodes in the same network in the form of data frames through hubs or switches. The A5 port monitor of the router arrives at this address, and it is analyzed that the destination node is not in this network segment, so it needs to be routed and forwarded, and the data frame is received.

Step 2: After receiving the data frame of user A 1, port A5 of router first takes out the IP address of destination user C3 from the header, and calculates the best path to user C3 according to the routing table. Because it is known from the analysis that the network ID number of C3 is the same as that of C5 of the router, it should be the best way to send signals directly from A5 port of the router to C5 port of the router.

Step 3: The C5 port of the router takes out the IP address of the destination user C3 again, and finds the host ID number in the IP address of C3. If there is a switch in the network, it can be sent to the switch first, and the switch can find out the specific network node position according to the MAC address table; If there is no switching device, the data frame is directly sent to the user C3 according to the host ID in its IP address, thus completing a complete data communication forwarding process.

(Schematic diagram of router operation)

As can be seen from the above, no matter how complex the network is, the router actually does only a few steps, so the working principle of the whole router is basically the same. Of course, in the actual network, it is far more complicated than that shown in the above figure, and the actual steps will not be as simple as those mentioned above, but the overall process is like this.

On the application of diversified router classification;

After we know the working principle of router products in detail, they can be divided into many types according to different classification standards. Among them, the common classification is as follows:

From the performance level, it is divided into high, medium and low-grade routers. Generally speaking, routers with throughput greater than 40Gbps are called high-end routers, routers with reverse throughput between 25Gbps and 40 Gbps are called mid-range routers, and routers with throughput less than 25 Gbps are called low-end routers. Of course, this is only a macro division standard, and the division of manufacturers is not completely consistent. In fact, the division of router level is not only based on throughput, but also a comprehensive index. Take Cisco, which has the largest market share, as an example. 12000 series is a high-end router, and routers below 7500 series are low-end routers.

(Superchip Gigabit Router)

Structurally it can be divided into "modular router" and "non-modular router". Modular structure can flexibly configure routers to meet the growing business needs of enterprises, while non-modular structure can only provide fixed ports. Generally, high-end routers are modular, while low-end routers are non-modular.

Functionally, routers can be divided into backbone routers, enterprise routers and access routers. Backbone router is the key equipment to realize enterprise-level network interconnection, and its data throughput is large, which is very important. The basic performance requirements of backbone routers are high speed and high reliability. In order to obtain high reliability, traditional redundancy technologies such as hot backup, dual power supply and dual data paths are widely used in network systems, which makes the reliability of backbone routers generally not a problem. Enterprise routers connect many terminal systems and connect many objects, but the system is relatively simple and the data flow is small. The requirement of this router is to interconnect as many endpoints as possible in the cheapest way, and also support different quality of service. Access router is mainly used to connect small business customers in home or ISP.

Routers are usually divided into "border routers" and "intermediate node routers" according to the network location. Obviously, the "border router" is at the edge of the network and is used to connect different network routers. We will explain the detailed analysis of this router technology in a future article. The "intermediate node router" is located in the middle of the network, and is usually used to connect different networks and serve as a bridge for data forwarding. Because the network location is different, their main performance also has the corresponding emphasis, for example, the intermediate node router has to face various networks. How to identify the nodes in these networks? It depends on the MAC address storage function of these intermediate node routers. For the above reasons, it is necessary to pay more attention to the MAC address storage function when selecting the intermediate node router, that is, choose the router with larger cache and stronger MAC address storage capacity. However, because the border router may receive data from many different network routers at the same time, it requires that the backplane bandwidth of this border router should be wide enough, which of course depends on the network environment in which the border router is located.

Performance can be divided into "line speed router" and "non-line speed router". The so-called "line speed router" can transmit smoothly according to the bandwidth of the transmission medium, basically without interruption and delay. Usually, line-speed routers are high-end routers, which have very high port bandwidth and data forwarding ability and can forward data packets at a medium rate. Low-end routers are non-line speed routers, but some new broadband access routers also have line speed forwarding capabilities.

Application in four different levels of networks;

(Various router applications can be seen everywhere)

In all levels of Internet networks, various types of routers can be seen everywhere. Access networks enable families and small businesses to connect to Internet service providers; The enterprise router in the enterprise network connects thousands of computers in a park or enterprise; The modular router terminal system on the backbone network is usually inaccessible. They connect ISP and enterprise network on long-distance backbone network. The rapid development of Internet brings different challenges to backbone network, enterprise network and access network. Backbone network requires routers to forward a few links at high speed, while enterprise routers not only require a large number of ports and low prices, but also require simple and convenient configuration and provide QoS.

Access router: Access router connects small business customers in home or ISP. General access routers are mainly non-line speed routers, and now they not only provide SLIP or PPP connections, but also support virtual private network protocols such as PPTP and IPSec. These protocols should be able to run on every port. ADSL and other technologies will soon increase the available bandwidth of the home, which will further increase the burden of access routers. Due to these trends, access routers will support many heterogeneous and high-speed ports in the future, and can run various protocols on each port, while avoiding telephone switching networks.

Enterprise router: An enterprise or campus router connects many terminal systems, and its main goal is to interconnect as many endpoints as possible in the cheapest way, and further requires supporting different quality of service. Many existing enterprise networks are Ethernet segments connected by hubs or bridges. Although these devices are cheap, easy to install and require no configuration, they do not support service levels. On the contrary, a network with routers can divide the machine into multiple conflict domains, so it can control the size of a network.

In addition, the router also supports a certain level of service, at least allowing it to be divided into multiple priorities. However, each port of the router is expensive and needs a lot of configuration work to use. Therefore, the success or failure of enterprise routers lies in whether they provide a large number of ports with low port cost, whether they are easy to configure and whether they support QoS. In addition, enterprise routers need to effectively support broadcast and multicast. Enterprise networks must also deal with various LAN technologies left over from history and support various protocols, including IP, IPX and Vine. They also support firewalls, packet filtering, numerous management and security policies, and VLAN.

Backbone router: Backbone router realizes the interconnection of enterprise-level networks. The requirements for it are speed and reliability, and the cost is secondary. Hardware reliability can be obtained by using technologies used in telephone switching networks, such as hot backup, dual power supply and dual data paths. These technologies are the standard of almost all backbone routers. The main performance bottleneck of backbone IP routers is the time it takes to find routes in forwarding tables. When receiving a data packet, the input port looks up the destination address of the data packet in the forwarding table to determine its destination port. When the packet is short or the packet is to be sent to multiple destination ports, the cost of route lookup will inevitably increase. Therefore, putting some frequently visited destination ports in the cache can improve the efficiency of route lookup. Whether it is an input buffer or an output buffer router, there is a bottleneck problem of route lookup. In addition to the performance bottleneck, the stability of the router is also a problem that is often ignored.

Terabyte router: Among the three main technologies used in the future core Internet, optical fiber and DWDM are mature and ready-made. If there is no router corresponding to the original bandwidth provided by the existing optical fiber technology and DWDM technology, the performance of the new network infrastructure will not be fundamentally improved, so it is urgent to develop a high-performance backbone switch/router (terabit router), which is still mainly in the development and experimental stage.

Second,

TP-LINK

Established in 1996, Shenzhen pulian technology co., ltd. is a mainstream manufacturer specializing in the research, development, manufacturing and marketing of network and communication terminal equipment, and one of the few companies in China with completely independent research, development and manufacturing capabilities, and has built a well-known network and communication brand: TP-LINK.

Headquartered in Shenzhen High-tech Industrial Park, the company has a modern office building of 65,438+00,000 square meters and a standard industrial workshop of 40,000 square meters, with more than 3,200 employees. The product line covers a full range of network products such as network security, wireless, routers, switches, XDSL, hubs, optical terminals, modems, network cards and so on. Set up direct offices in 14 major cities nationwide; At the same time, the international business has developed rapidly, and the products are exported to Europe, America, Southeast Asia, Australia, Africa and other regions and countries around the world.

Research and development system

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R&D is the soul of TP-LINK, and the foresight and development of technology is the eternal purpose of TP-LINK R&D Center.

With the growth and constant adjustment of network cards, hubs, switches, management switches, routers, wireless, firewalls and other product lines, the research and development technology of TP-LINK is bound to develop in depth and gradually move towards high-end applications. At present, it is deeply developed in the fields of routing, firewall, VPN, VoIP, media gateway, network storage and wireless 802. 1 1 series.

It is an effective way for TP-LINK to maintain a strong R&D momentum by following the cutting-edge technology and uniting with the world network giants. TP-LINK maintains close cooperation with American wireless chip supplier Atheros, broadband communication and storage solution suppliers Marvell, Broadcom and Realtek. , and obtained strong front-end technical support.

There are more than 200 technical engineers in R&D Center, 90% of whom are under 30 years old. R&D equipment, R&D laboratory, test room, etc. All maintain the leading level in the industry. The scientific and rigorous management mechanism enables the integration effect of technology, personnel and equipment to be fully exerted, and the independent technological advantages and R&D strength of TP-LINK R&D Center are consolidated and developed: a deep understanding of the operating system is conducive to the development of stable and efficient products; Through the research and optimization of TCP/IP protocol stack, the network performance of the product is greatly improved; He has experience in developing hardware platforms of various operating systems such as ARM, MIPS, PowerPC and Intel XScale, and has the ability to develop advanced protocols such as SIP, UPnP, 802. 1 1 protocol stack.

marketing system

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TP-LINK marketing system takes "the popularization and application of network and communication products" as its purpose, and always walks in the forefront of enterprises to meet the needs of users. Product planning in line with the market, stable sales channels and perfect after-sales service system ensure the interconnection of technology, products and markets. The sales performance over the years shows that TP-LINK has quick market reaction ability and liquidity ability.

TP-LINK always adheres to the principle of "based on the front line of the market, listening to the voice of users' most direct needs", constantly exploring new markets, vertically extending channels, and keeping the marketing model flat. The perfect sales system has opened up the communication channels between products and end users. TP-LINK has established service centers in 65,438+04 major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Chengdu, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Jinan, Nanchang, Kunming and Fuzhou, with more than 600 dealers and numerous secondary agents, retailers and integrators all over the country, forming a solid foundation.

Overseas business has expanded simultaneously, and products are exported to Europe, America, Southeast Asia, Australia, Africa and other regions and countries around the world. With the launch of international marketing strategy, global distributors and agents have expanded steadily, and overseas offices, service centers and other directly affiliated institutions are actively preparing for construction.

TP-LINK has a high-quality marketing team, and clear goals, healthy values, quick response ability and strong willpower are the necessary qualities for salespeople. Adhering to the principle of honest management and relying on the loyalty to users and partners, TP-LINK can stand firm in the network communication market.

product system

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As an enterprise committed to "network popularization and application" and maintaining a stable advantage in market share, TP-LINK's powerful manufacturing capability has always attracted the attention of peers, with an average annual growth rate of 50%.

The production office covers an area of 40,000 square meters and has 28 SMT production lines. It has a full range of advanced production equipment and instruments in the industry, including advanced manufacturing and testing equipment and flexible assembly lines such as automatic baking machine, automatic printing machine, high-speed mounter, multifunctional mounter, automatic chain insertion line, lead-free hot air nine-temperature zone reflow soldering, lead-free segmented infrared temperature-regulating preheating wave soldering, automatic wireless test system, etc.

Scale effect and independent advantage are the core competitiveness of TP-LINK manufacturing system. From material management, R&D and trial production, mass production to product repair and nonconforming product treatment, strict operation flow system makes all production links of the factory fully controlled, thus effectively controlling quality management and further grasping the initiative of cost control. Flexible production methods greatly enrich the company's product line, and agile response ability is conducive to capturing market business opportunities, which provides a strong guarantee for TP-LINK products to play their cost-effective advantages and market advantages.

Manufacturing system is experiencing a new round of challenges and adjustments. The mode of production has changed from extensive to refined, and the management level has broken through from learning to independent innovation, constantly adapting to the international scale development trend.

Since 1996, when the first TP-LINK dual-port 10M network card came out, TP-LINK has developed into a major manufacturer specializing in R&D, manufacturing and marketing of network and communication terminal equipment, with an annual sales of 9 million pieces of various network and communication products. It is one of the few companies in China with completely independent development and manufacturing capabilities in this field, and has built a well-known network and communication brand TP-LINK.

Headquartered in Shenzhen High-tech Industrial Park, the company has nearly 2000 square meters of modern office buildings and 16000 square meters of workshops. There are more than 0/000 employees/kloc, of which more than 90% are managers with bachelor degree or above. This is a young and energetic team. The company always adheres to the concept of "people-oriented" and strives to create a positive and relaxed working environment and development space for employees.

The TP-LINK product line covers a full range of network products such as network cards, modems, hubs, switches, routers, XDSL, wireless, firewalls, etc., and has successively launched high-end products such as firewall routers, gigabit network products, multifunctional broadband routers, XDSL, wireless, etc. TP-LINK effectively uses a wide range of products, leading technology and professional services to meet the needs of users to the maximum extent, and is committed to popularizing the application of network technology for the public and cultivating the networking of the domestic market. Multi-channel application and development continuously expand and extend the capabilities of enterprises and customers. TP-LINK provides necessary product support for all walks of life to successfully implement the information network plan. At the same time, the platform built by TP-LINK brings the data network into the mainstream application, further promoting the development of the whole network construction.

↑ R&D to build competitive weapon

Through unique insights into emerging technologies and accurate grasp of existing networks, TP-LINK Company has explored an innovative way to build the network core, making network products have higher cost performance, usability, upgrade ability and expansion space. In today's increasingly fierce technical competition, TP-LINK has continuously increased its investment in R&D technology and established an R&D system. IT not only has a perfect industry technology foresight system, product planning, R&D, experiment, testing and quality control system, but also has established close cooperation with many well-known foreign IT manufacturers in the field of network communication, constantly tracking the latest technological development in the world, strictly grasping the R&D direction, and improving the R&D level of products, thus fundamentally ensuring the steady progress of products and services towards the world-class level.

↑ Channels pave the way for success

TP-LINK is in the leading position in the network market, because TP-LINK understands the needs of users and can provide reliable network products that are easy to buy, install and manage. TP-LINK uniquely combines innovative technology with practical application, providing rich experience and value acquisition for end users and channel partners. TP-LINK has a nationwide sales and service network, and has technical service centers in eleven major cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Chengdu, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi, Shenzhen and Jinan. At the same time, TP-LINK actively expands overseas markets, and its products are exported to Europe, America, Southeast Asia, Australia, Africa and other regions and countries around the world, laying a good foundation in the international market. TP-LINK also provides various products and services for major customers such as industry users, government users and OEM customers, and assists dealers and agents to provide sales and service support for industry users and government users.

Powerful manufacturing system

The TP-LINK manufacturing base has a total construction area of 1.6 million square meters, and undertakes the tasks of developing prototype, product trial production and mass production of TP-LINK. Advanced manufacturing and testing equipment, automatic baking machine, automatic printing machine, high-speed mounter, automatic chain insertion line, segmented infrared temperature regulation, preheating wave soldering and other flexible assembly lines ensure the production of TP-LINK products.

TP-LINK strictly controls a series of processes, such as market information acquisition, new product development, material and supplier management, trial production and mass production, product maintenance, customer satisfaction survey, and nonconforming product treatment, to ensure that each link meets the requirements of the international quality management system. In 2000 and 2003, we passed ISO 9001:KLOC-0/994 and ISO 900 1: 2000 international quality management system certification.

Excellent talent reserve

TP-LINK condenses the top talents in the industry and attracts a large number of outstanding college students and social elites to join every year. TP-LINK has established a scientific and systematic human resources system, created a corresponding corporate culture, improved the quality of work and life, fully respected the unique personality and potential of each employee, and strived to create a positive and relaxed working environment and broad development space for employees.

= = ↑TP-LINK fly high

TP-LINK's brand image of "high quality and high value" has penetrated into a wide range of customers. TP-LINK will, as always, devote itself to providing customers with high-level, innovative and practical products and solutions, be down-to-earth, refuse grandiose, strive to make TP-LINK a first-class network communication brand, and further make new contributions to the network popularization in China.