Architectural style of Miao nationality in Xiangxi? Be urgent, be careful.

Miao is an ancient and colorful nation, calling itself "Mu", "Meng", "Damu" and "Daji". He said there were several situations. First, according to the color of clothing, it is called "red seedling", "flower seedling", "white seedling" and "black seedling" respectively; Second, the crops planted according to the place of residence or planting are called "highland seedlings", "Bazhai seedlings" and "planting river seedlings"; Third, the rulers of the old society insulted them, such as "seedling", "ripe seedling" and "hemp seedling". After the founding of New China, it was collectively called Miao. Miao people in Guangxi account for 5.5% of the national Miao population, accounting for 1% of the population in Guangxi, ranking fourth after Han, Zhuang and Yao. Miao people in China are mainly distributed in Guizhou and Hunan, while Miao people in Guangxi mainly live in northern Guangxi, northwestern Guangxi and mountainous areas bordering Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan. The biggest feature of Miao nationality is that it is rich in all kinds of wood and local products and maintains a splendid and simple national traditional culture. Miao people in western Hunan live in mountainous areas with high mountains and dense forests, and it is very common to build houses with local materials. Wooden house, bluestone wall, loess wall, black tile house and antique diaojiao building are the main styles of Miao folk houses in western Hunan. Some upper-class Miao and wealthy families here have also built quadrangles with wind and fire walls in brick and wood structures, which are comfortable, spacious and deep; There are also poor Miao families who have built simple stone houses and huts with bark or thatched roofs.

There are certain customs and regulations on the housing orientation of Miao nationality in western Hunan. When you enter the room, there is a "Longbao" buried in the middle, and the wooden board is used as the room at the back, which is the main room, and the others are guest rooms or collections. The middle is called "dab nzhongb", that is, the hall. There is a multi-storey room on the left and right of the main hall, which is called "hangdghaot", that is, the orientation of ancestors. It is the most sacred part of the house, and it is also the concentrated place of the ancestors and gods of the host family. So this direction is the seat of elders and old people, and young people are not allowed to sit in this place. The hall and fire pond house of the Miao family are the central space of the Miao family's folk houses, which fully shows the Miao family's national concept and devout belief. The Miao family has special feelings for the fire pit.

According to Phoenix Hall, "At that time, the Miao people were forced to move to the deep mountains and forests, and there was no room to live, so they had to live in caves or build sheds to shelter from the wind and rain, because the poor had no bedding. So use a fire pit to burn the fire to keep out the cold. " Therefore, no matter what style of house Miao people live in, they all have fireplaces, and they don't go out all year round. It symbolizes the prosperity of the Miao family and cultivates the unique kindness, friendship and security of the Miao family and the psychological characteristics of the group spiritual space. There are potholes hanging on the fireplace, which are full of smoked bacon and game. There is a tripod made of pig iron in the middle of the fireplace. Miao people coming back from work cook and stir-fry around the fireplace. If relatives and friends visit, everyone will drink and sing around the fireplace, sing ancient songs and feel ancient; Singing makes life fun. The triangular iron frame placed in the fireplace symbolizes ancestors and cannot set foot on it; The family sat around it. Under the protection of ancestors, it fully embodies the warmth of home. In fact, the Miao people's worship of Ding should be regarded as a primitive totem, that is, the worship of the pictographic pattern of "heaven and earth". The circular iron ring above symbolizes the sky, and the square fire pit below symbolizes the earth, which means "the sky is round". Three iron frames touching the ground symbolize soil columns, and three iron columns connecting iron rings to support the pot tripod symbolize Tianzhu. Under the "heaven" and above the "earth", both sides are secular mortals; Ding is rich in Miao primitive philosophy. I am very particular about the setting of fire pits. Usually it is inlaid with strip stones, surrounded by Toona sinensis into a square, and then a "ground floor" about one foot from the ground is paved with hardwood around the fire pit. Miao people call it "Ban Zongxu". Some also use tung oil to oil fire pits and underground buildings, which usually prevents strong light from shining. The fire pit should be placed relative to the top of the column, and it is not advisable to lean forward and lean back. Below a row of columns on the pole side is the position of the family god; Miao people call it "hangd ghaot". Usually at the time of sacrifice Burning incense paper and drinking wine there, so when warming up around the fire pit, the host and guest are different, sit down in an orderly manner and abide by the rules; That is, one side of the pillar is the seat for the elderly above, and the younger generation of the main family sits below, regardless of the other two sides. The ancestral temple next to the fireplace is a sacred place. So strangers are not allowed to go up casually.

Diaojiaolou is the main form of Miao architecture in western Hunan, which can be divided into "Diaojiaolou" and "Diaojiaolou". Built on a slope, the foundation is cut into a "factory"-shaped soil platform, which is supported by long wooden columns. Purlins and beams are installed according to the height of the soil platform, which is flush with the soil platform. The floor slab is placed on the beam as the front hall of the house, and pigsty or sundries are stored under it. The main room on the stage is divided into two floors: the first floor is occupied by people, and the upper floor is full of sundries. The roof is covered with tiles or fir bark, and the walls are decorated with boards or bricks. This kind of house is very beautiful with the upper and lower stages integrated, and is called "diaojiao building". The other is built on an open, sunny and spacious foundation. More buildings are built on steep slopes, which are divided into upper and lower floors, and the upper floor is erected with short columns, so that the floor in the first half is parallel to the foundation in the second half, forming a half-story building; Because the outermost pillar hangs on the foundation of the upper floor, it is called "hanging half a floor" These two architectural forms are vertical slab walls, and the front wall of the hall is sealed with columns, forming a "throat". There is a "door" in the middle of the "pharynx" with windows on both sides, and wooden window rafters are generally installed.

There is a saying in the history books of China that "northerners live in caves and southerners live in caves". China architecture is divided into two parts: North and South. The south has developed from a nested building to a dry-column building, and the earliest remains found are the Hemudu site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, 7000 years ago. Diaojiaolou in Miao village in western Hunan is an important embodiment of ancient architectural technology passed down by its ancestors, which has been gradually improved to adapt to the new environment in mountainous areas. Camus Diaojiao Building has a cornice, three corridors and wooden railings hanging out. Various designs are carved on the railing. Such as the swastika used by the Nazi Party, the swastika used by the Sub-Nazi Party and other symbols of good luck. Diaojiao building is generally divided into two floors, the upper and lower floors, luminous wall paint. The upstairs window opens to the sun, and the birds are singing and the flowers are fragrant. There are various window shapes, such as the phoenix rising in the morning, the magpie playing with plums and the lion bowling. The hanging column of the diaojiao building is octagonal, and the bottom is drooping, and hydrangea, melon and other shapes are often carved. The lower floor of the diaojiao building is mostly used as a barn to store grain or place furniture and farm tools. Upstairs is the main living room or guest room. The promenade outside the building is a place where women embroider, pick yarns, tie ribbons, hang yarns and hang clothes.

Diaojiaolou of Miao nationality in Xiangxi is an ancient dry fence construction technology brought by the migration of Miao ancestors from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Xiangxi. It is gradually improved to adapt to the new environment in mountainous areas and is the carrier of Miao architectural culture. Diaojiaolou has a long history and a unique position in the residential buildings in China. It is the basis for Miao and other ethnic minorities to settle down, reproduce and continue their national history.

In Xiangxi, in the past, some landlords also built large quadrangles surrounded by brick walls. The doors and columns of the hall in the house are inlaid with gold-plated plaques, resplendent and magnificent. Building materials vary from place to place. There are more wood and better economic conditions in Miao nationality areas in southeastern Guizhou, so there are more wooden houses and tile houses, and less straw houses with earth walls. Most of them are wooden houses, tile houses, straw houses and earth-walled houses. Generally speaking, straw houses and earth-walled houses are the most.

Miao architectural art has accumulated many pure Miao cultural elements. Usually life, productive labor, gatherings of relatives and friends, and religious activities such as textiles, embroidery, wedding banquets and sacrifices are held here. These cultural elements are directly presented on the surface of architectural forms. Or implied in the architectural form.

The residential architecture of a nation is a concentrated expression of its economic, cultural, artistic, family, social, religious and other historical accumulation. It expresses its cultural connotation in the inherited material form. Liang Sicheng, a famous architect in China, said: "Architecture is the largest and most complex of all human modeling creations. Therefore, the national thought and art it represents are more significant, stronger and more important. " The Diaojiao Building in Miao Village in western Hunan is a "living fossil" for in-depth study of the history and culture of Miao and southern brothers.