What are 2-way continuity and 4-way continuity?

Two-way continuous pattern is a typical representative form of Chinese traditional pattern and a historical image culture. We were deeply impressed by the unified expression, changeable bone structure and vivid color matching in the continuous patterns of both sides. It is of great significance for us to understand Chinese traditional patterns to study the causes, development and evolution of double-sided continuous patterns and the laws of formal beauty.

1 background

Mr. Lei Guiyuan, a pattern educator and theorist, summed up the definition of pattern in the book "Pattern Basis": "Pattern is the general name for the pre-design of form, color and structure in practical art, decorative art and architectural art ... under the constraints of process materials, uses, economy and production, patterns and decorative patterns are made. [1](P.3) Traditional patterns have been handed down from generation to generation with unique national artistic style. The earliest record of Chinese traditional patterns is painted pottery patterns in primitive society, which has a history of 6000 ~ 7000 years.

Two-way continuity in traditional mode

2. 1 the concept of bipartite continuity

Patterns are divided into individual patterns, corner patterns, suitable patterns, edge patterns and continuous patterns according to organizational forms. Two-way continuation and four-way continuation are both continuous patterns and traditional patterns with national artistic style. A continuous mode in which one or a group of unit modes circulate up and down, left and right, and extend infinitely is called bidirectional continuity. Generally, the continuous patterns on two sides are banded, and the continuous patterns are called "vertical" from top to bottom, "horizontal" from left to right, and "oblique" from diagonal. Quadrilateral continuity is a pattern of infinite repeated expansion up and down, left and right. [2](P. 19) Since two-way continuity and four-way continuity are only continuous in different directions, the following paper focuses on two-way continuity, focusing on its formation reasons, development and evolution, and the law of formal beauty.

2.2 the reasons for the formation of continuity between the two parties

With the continuous emergence of two sides, the method of making a single simple pattern into a continuous strip slowly spread and matured with the changes of years. So what makes China's traditional patterns move from single to continuous, from scattered to dense, from plain to magical? This is about to return to the earliest continuous performance of both sides-painted pottery patterns to explore.

Painted pottery patterns are the praise, pursuit and fantasy of the ancestors of the Neolithic Age according to their own life experiences and feelings. They create beautiful patterns with simple tools, which fully shows their yearning for a better life. Painted pottery patterns are still in use today and have strong vitality. The original painted pottery pattern is not continuous, but a single geometric shape or spiral pattern of animals and plants (see figure 1A and figure 1B). The combination of these patterns is full of arc beauty, which is decorated on the bulging abdomen of the vessel, which not only looks full in overall shape, but also gives people a round and smooth feeling. [3](P.7) Really mature continuous patterns appeared in Miaodigou painted pottery patterns in the early and middle period of Yangshao culture about 6000 years ago (see figure 1C), and continuous water patterns and plant patterns also appeared in Majiayao painted pottery in the later period (see figure 2). According to archaeological data, there are two or four types of Neolithic sites in Dadiwan, which are equivalent to the early, middle and late Yangshao culture. The common painted pottery patterns in the second phase of Dadiwan are mostly broadband, straight edges, triangles, parallel lines and broken lines, which are simple and straight, and basically have no curves and arcs, while the broadband patterns are generally decorated on the outside of the upper mouth of the straight bowl. [4] (page 39)

Figure 1 painted pottery pattern

Fig. 2 Painted pottery pattern of Majiayao

From the evolution of graphics, the reasons for the formation of two continuous patterns can be summarized as follows:

First, the revelation of natural landscape. The ancestors of the Neolithic age almost lived in the first natural world. They are exposed to natural things that have not been artificially processed, such as stars and clouds in the sky, water lines on the ground, flora and fauna and so on. These natural landscapes inspired our ancestors to imitate, and long-term imitation prompted people to reflect on natural things, and then began to deconstruct and reorganize, gathering geometric patterns into groups and arranging them in rows; Second, the perception of life and the accumulation of experience. Most of the social activities of the ancestors in primitive society were at the survival level, such as fishing and hunting. Tools used in these activities, such as fishing nets, ropes, braids, etc. Are composed of individual units that are repeatedly arranged in a plane. The repeated appearance of these forms made the ancestors naturally join the concept of repeated arrangement in the process of creation; Third, it conforms to the shape. The daily necessities in the Neolithic Age were mostly cups, bowls, pots and cans. And the shape is mainly round, especially along the ring mouth, which often needs some decoration. This naturally surrounds a single pattern along a circular edge to form a continuous pattern of strips. Coupled with the good connectivity and infinite extensibility between geometric patterns, it promotes the emergence and development of continuous patterns. Visually, people's lifestyle at that time was sitting or lying on the floor, and the height of sight was not far from the ground. Therefore, in the decoration of pottery, there are more decorations in the middle and upper parts, which is a combination of modeling and lifestyle; Fourth, the enhancement of decorative effect. As can be seen from the previous patterns, the single pattern in the Neolithic period is relatively simple and simple, basically in the form of a single point or surface, and its expressive force and artistic tension are relatively thin. Therefore, in form, the repeated arrangement of monomers forms a continuous band, which can produce visual expansion and extension, and the decorative effect is also strengthened. It can be said that this is a re-creation process of primitive ancestors.

If a single pattern is the imitation of nature by ancestors, then the generation of strip-shaped continuous patterns shows that ancestors can change, decompose and reorganize on the basis of imitation. This is the bud of primitive artistic creation, and it also lays the foundation for various changes in the patterns behind.

2.3 The continuous development and evolution of both sides

Throughout its development history, the continuous mode involving two aspects can be summarized as follows from the aspects of theme, technology and style:

As can be seen from the above table, the most primitive square originated from painted pottery in Neolithic age, and then evolved into a symmetrical band pattern. In the later period, both freestanding and conforming styles were independent on the basis of continuous patterns, forming a richer and fuller artistic expression.

3 continuous formal beauty analysis of www.dolcn.com.

Double-sided continuous patterns are widely used, not only independently, but also in various media together with other art forms. This is inseparable from the composition of two continuous patterns. Let's analyze its formal beauty from three aspects: continuous bone, color and composition.

3. 1 bone analysis

There are several kinds of bilateral continuous skeleton structures: (See Figure 3) Suppose that plan and 2 are on the @ line, China.

1, scattered point type: composed of one point as the main monomer, with dense effect and neat and orderly appearance.

2. Linetype: ① There is a clear directionality, which can be vertical, horizontal, upward or downward, or alternatively up and down; (2) Inclined arrangement, with parallel and interspersed forms; ③ Arranged in the form of broken lines, with right angles, acute angles and obtuse angles. The overall effect is crisp and neat.

3. Corrugation: With wavy lines as the skeleton and other patterns attached to the wavy lines, it can be divided into single-line corrugations and double-line corrugations, which can be arranged in the same direction or in the opposite direction. The rhythm is obviously fluctuating and dynamic.

4, a whole two broken type: the center has a complete shape, up and down or left and right have a half broken shape. This combination is arranged as a unit.

5. Synthesis: Several forms are superimposed.

Fig. 3 skeleton structure diagram

As can be seen from the skeleton structure of bipartite continuity, the basic form of bipartite continuity is line. Whether it is a point, a circle, a long line or a short line, it is a band-shaped group line. The combination of lines can be aggregated, dispersed, crossed and circulated, so that they can be repeatedly arranged endlessly to form a band pattern. The charm of lines is that no matter whether they are straight curves, they can bring strong psychological reactions to people. The straightness of straight lines and the ups and downs of curves bring people visual enjoyment. This is the initial application of lines in traditional Chinese patterns. Because each nation has different understanding and expression of the arrangement and reorganization of lines, these changeable elements have a continuous pattern with unified form but different charms. Therefore, the continuation of the two sides has become a traditional pattern with national artistic style and has been passed down to this day.

3.2 Color analysis and design online. China

Objectively speaking, the key of double-sided continuous pattern is its skeleton composition. Because the double-sided continuous pattern cannot exist independently, it must be expressed through some carrier or medium. Therefore, the continuous color of both sides on some carriers or media is particularly important. At this time, color often becomes a means to make the pattern more vivid-that is, to achieve the purpose of "helping the shape with color".

Color contrast refers to the color difference when two or more colors are juxtaposed. [5](P.72) Among them, the contrast among red, yellow and blue is the strongest in tone contrast, and the contrast between them has the strongest visual impact. The brightness contrast formed by the brightness of colors can also make traditional patterns show regular color gradient and produce harmonious effects. The addition of neutral color is a common harmonic means in traditional color matching. With the buffer and cooperation of neutral colors such as gold, silver, black and white, the patterns with strong contrasting colors present rich, simple, elegant and beautiful styles. As shown in Figure 4A, under the contrast of high-purity blue and orange, the black background is added to buffer the vision, and the orange dot in the middle jumps without dazzling, lively and solemn, which well continues the harmony of black, blue and orange; Fig. 4B adopts the method of lightness harmony, and achieves the purpose of harmony by changing the lightness of the same tone, which is fresh and beautiful; The continuous pattern in fig. 4C is rich in colors, and many primary colors are used for contrast, in which the same color-white is added to achieve the purpose of harmony. This harmonious means of the same hue makes the whole pattern not dazzling and messy, and the complementary colors are unified in the mixed contrast.

Fig. 4 colorful bidirectional continuous pattern design online. China

3.3 Analysis of formal laws

The composition of the pattern is based on the visual psychology of point, line, surface and color, using the principle of formal beauty, combining materials, technology, technology and function. In the continuous two-sided patterns, there are many laws and rules of plastic arts beauty.

① Change and unity. Change refers to the difference of each component in the pattern, and unity refers to the cooperation, association and consistency between each component. The continuous pattern on both sides is a basic element, which is repeated through carefully organized arrangements. As mentioned above, continuous and repeated patterns are more decorative and appear orderly and magnificent. In addition, the diversity of arrangement forms also increases the interest and diversity of bidirectional continuous patterns, which makes the bidirectional continuous patterns more ornamental while making them uniform. As the form, arrangement and color of double-sided continuous patterns are regular, the double-sided continuous patterns tend to be unified as a whole. But we can't ignore the differences in image, color and other elements hidden in unity. The contradiction, conflict and contrast between various images, colors and shapes eventually lead to the relative balance of shape, color, quality, space and quantity, forming a harmonious, master-slave and balanced unity. This unity of diversity makes the two sides tend to be harmonious.

② Symmetry and balance. Symmetry is the most prominent composition form in double-sided continuous patterns. Any single double-sided continuous pattern is symmetrical, and the double-sided continuous pattern and the single pattern are infinitely repeated and expanded, forming an absolute balance. Balance is a relative balance, and there are some jumping elements in two-way continuity, which give people the same feeling but different shapes and realize psychological balance. Similarly, in terms of color, through the correspondence of light and shade, purity and brightness, it embodies the combination of symmetry and virtual and real movement, and realizes the unity of visual effects.

③ Rhythm and prosody. The repeated arrangement of two consecutive patterns, the repetition of color brightness and tone, doomed it to have a strong sense of rhythm. Harmony is rhyme, and rules are law. The speed of these straight lines, the flow of wavy lines and the change of the height and length of shapes form the continuation of the rhythm. Curled grass lines, fluttering fire lines, rich internal structure, distinct layers, ladder colors and so on all reflect the aesthetic feeling of rhythm from different sides.

In short, continuous designers are good at organizing symmetry, balance, change, unity, rhythm, rhythm and other phenomena in life into abstract and beautiful "themes" of points, lines and surfaces. And with repeated artistic techniques, it brings pleasure to the audience, just like the original music and dance, which stirs in people's hearts. [6] (page 14)

4 conclusion

We were deeply impressed by the constant expressions, changeable bone structure and vivid color matching in the continuous patterns of both sides. People constantly innovate the continuous modeling content of Fannie and Freddie, enrich its humanistic connotation, and make it develop from ancient, simple and vivid painted pottery patterns to diverse, gorgeous and vivid patterns. The continuous patterns of Fannie and Freddie of different nationalities in different periods have their own characteristics. Online design. China

From the development and evolution of traditional patterns, we can see that two-way continuation is a basic form of Chinese traditional patterns. Inferring from the causes of the formation of double-sided continuous lines, we can see that the original double-sided continuous lines recorded the process of people's re-creation of natural things, as well as the living environment, lifestyle and ideological trends of ancestors. When analyzing the formal beauty of two consecutive patterns, the composition of lines brings strong psychological reaction to people, and the straight curve of lines may constitute a variety of pattern beauty. It is precisely because of this that the ever-changing two-sided continuous mode has brought us a broad thinking space and unlimited imagination space for understanding history and culture.