What are the artistic features of traditional Quyi tin opera?

Abstract: Tin Opera, formerly known as Tan Huang, is the main tributary of rap art in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, which originated in ancient Wu Ge. After the evolution of folk singing, the processing and improvement of artists from generation to generation and the reference and integration of sister art, the embryonic form of tin drama gradually took shape. Tin opera first appeared in Yanjiaqiao, Yangjian, Dongxiang, Wuxi. The main forms of expression are folk songs, ballads, xuanjuan, Huagutan Spring and so on. The following article will give you a detailed introduction to the artistic features and historical origins of tin opera. Let's have a look! Tin Opera, formerly known as Tan Huang, is the main tributary of rap art in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, which originated in ancient Wu Ge. After the evolution of folk singing, the processing and improvement of artists from generation to generation and the reference and integration of sister art, the embryonic form of tin drama gradually took shape. Tin opera first appeared in Yanjiaqiao, Yangjian, Dongxiang, Wuxi. The main forms of expression are folk songs, ballads, xuanjuan, Huagutan Spring and so on. Tin Opera is one of the traditional operas developed from the Dongxiang minor in Wujin and Wuxi. Later, it gradually absorbed the folk dance of "picking tea lanterns" in the south of the Yangtze River and put it on the stage before and after the Revolution of 1911. In the 1920s and 1930s, Wang Jia, the predecessor of tin drama, upgraded the original "Changzhou Tanchun" to a more mature art of tin drama, recruited a number of outstanding students from Wujin, Wuxi, Danyang and Yixing, and trained a large number of talents such as Mei Lanzhen and Wang Lanying.

1. the development and evolution of tin opera

(1) prophase

Tin opera was developed by the merger of Wuxi Tanquan and Changzhou Tanquan before and after the Revolution of 1911. In the stage of beach spring, it is generally divided into three major evolution processes. After the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the beach spring of Wu dialect became popular. Male and female narrative couples singing rural folk songs in Changzhou and Wuxi gradually merged with Taoist feelings, sang Haruka and announced scrolls, forming Tan Chun tune, which is a branch of Wu Tanchun. Later, it absorbed the dance of "tea-picking lanterns" in southern Jiangsu, and gradually developed into Tan Chun drama, with small scripts, clowns and small students, and changed from sitting singing to walking singing and making up in Tiantou Square. The female characters are dressed in long skirts with short coats and little makeup on their faces, a fake bun, a silk flower and a handkerchief, which are collectively called "three plays", mainly "Xiao Sheng, the clown", "Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan" and "Xiao Dan, the clown".

These plays mainly reflect the stories of daily life in rural areas. Most of them resist feudal marriage and old morality, and some of them mock the landlord class. They are simple and sincere, with a strong flavor of life and vivid and interesting language, and all the female roles are played by men. There is only one [Spring Tune] in the vocal cavity, accompanied by an erhu (sometimes the performer sings it himself). At this time, there were no class clubs, class masters and professional artists. It was purely a self-entertainment activity for farmers and township handicrafts. Artists call this period the "opposite play" stage.

During the Daoguang period, semi-professional or professional beach artists began to appear, and female professional artists also began to appear. A few artists entered Changzhou, Wuxi and other cities to perform. Because of the busy performance, they need more manpower. Artists began to accept apprentices and organize class clubs. During Guangxu period, they gradually formed regular gangs, tin gangs, Jiangyin gangs and Yixing gangs. The stage of "piling up plays" lasted for nearly a hundred years and spread more and more widely. Some rural intellectuals also joined Tan Chunchun's team, competing between classes and clubs. First of all, the repertoire is rich in content and complicated in plot, with three to five roles such as Borrowing Yellow Bran, Lu Yachen Selling Wife and Ji Zhuhua. Based on the original single "Spring Tune", tunes such as "Long Three Tunes" and "Out of tune" are derived. In the absorption of folk tunes, the "Purple Bamboo Tune" and "Spring Tune" have been added. Due to the development of "Dui Opera" repertoire, the richness of tunes, the increase of content and the complexity of stories, the original form has been broken, and drama has entered a new period-"Little Same Stage". The same drama can be divided into two stages, namely "Little Tong Theater" and "Datong Theater". "Little Tong Opera" is the product of going to the countryside to perform, and "Datong Opera" is the product of going to the city, which is an important turning point in the history of tin opera development. Oda is about twenty years before and after the Revolution of 1911. After the Revolution of 1911, the relevant authorities of the National Government regarded Tanquan as "immoral" and "vulgar and obscene" and ordered it to be banned many times. Tan Chunyi was forced to walk the streets or move to other places, and most of them lived in rural areas and performed singing to support their families.

(2) medium term

With the opening of Shanghai-Nanjing Railway, it has created conditions for Tanquan to enter big cities. -Datong Field 19 14 Tan Chunchun artists Yuan Renyi, Sun Yucai, Li Tingxiu, Guo, Zhou, Wang Jiada, etc. Enter Shanghai one after another. At first, they just walked around the street or sang in teahouses and restaurants. 19 16, Yuan Renyi, Li Tingxiu, Xing and other groups called "Wuxi Tanquan" to perform in the "Tianwaitian" amusement park at the end of last year, and then transferred to the third floor of "Great World". In addition, Sun Yucai, Wang Jiada, Zhou and other groups called 19655 as "Changzhou Tanquan". In the same year, he often helped artist Zhou and artist Xi Gang hold university meetings, and the two groups cooperated to perform on the same stage in the company's playground. Since then, the two gangs have merged and changed their names to "Changwen Opera". After tin opera entered Shanghai and Jiangsu, Wuxi, Changzhou and other big cities. A party

With a relatively stable performance venue, a number of stable "four-season classes" have appeared one after another, active in the class clubs in Shanghai and Nanjing. Famous ones are Yuan (Renyi), Sun (Yucai), Zhou (), Li (Ting Xiu) and Liu (). On the other hand, it has also been able to contact, communicate and compete with brother dramas. First, it has made remarkable progress in the repertoire. Pearl Tower, Jade Dragonfly, Double Pearl Phoenix and Meng Lijun were introduced by Xuanzang and Tanci successively. Absorbed the pipa and Cai Jinlian of Huizhou class; Beijing Opera transplanted horse dealers and Fan Lihua. Under the influence of the commercial culture of Shili foreign exchange, in order to compete for novelty and attract audiences, a large number of series and case-solving dramas with institutional settings, lights and colorful platforms have been staged since the mid-1930s: Civet Cat for Prince, List of Gods and Gong Peng Case. At the same time, a number of fashion dramas with realistic themes, such as Ma Yongzhen, Yang Naiwu and Chinese Cabbage, are also being staged.

Thus, Chang Opera entered the stage of Datong Opera. -After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the freshman year, Jiangnan fell, and most of the class clubs were evacuated from Shanghai and cities along the Shanghai-Nanjing railway, turned to the countryside, and some were forced to dissolve. A group of actors were beaten, imprisoned and persecuted for nothing. After liberation, tin opera finally embarked on a healthy and prosperous road. 1950, Sunan administrative office held a workshop for folk artists, and renamed the "Chang Wen Opera" scattered all over the country as "Chang Opera", and set up three experimental Chang Opera Troupes in Sunan Federation of Literary and Art Circles, Changzhou and Wuxi to excavate and sort out the traditional operas "Lotus Lantern" and "Cui Niang Thief Order", and transplanted and adapted the modern operas "Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang" and "Hongye River" 1In April, 953, Jiangsu Tin Troupe was established by some members of the Wuxi Troupe of the Southern Jiangsu Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the Southern Jiangsu Cultural and Art Troupe. Since then, Chang Opera has been referred to as "Tin Opera" for short.

(3) Late stage

Later, the troupe abolished the screen system, established the script system, strengthened the director system, and made artistic innovations in music and stage art. It successively participated in the East China Opera Observation and Performance Conference held in Shanghai in September 1954 and the first Jiangsu Opera Observation and Performance Conference held in April 1957. Take a new road, splash water in red robes, and tell the story of a bloody battle in Jiangyin. White Horse won the first and second prizes, the script prize and the performance prize. Yao Cheng, Wang Lanying, Shen Peihua, Wang Binbin, Mei Lanzhen and many other actors won the first and second prizes. These plays and actors have their own characteristics and artistic styles, which have won honors for the opera. In addition to arranging and adapting plays and innovating traditional opera music, modern plays such as Red Seed, Baidan Mountain and Honghua Qu are also constantly arranging and performing. Among them, Shuangtuimo, Mother in an Ancestral Temple, Meng Lijun, Treasure of Farmers, Sister-in-law Tournament and Three in-laws were filmed into movies and television, which further expanded the spread and influence of tin drama in the whole country.

2. The artistic features of tin opera

Tin opera is a kind of drama that is good at expressing emotions and has the taste and characteristics of Jiangnan water town. Its aria is basically a plate-shaped variant structure of the upper and lower sentences, and a long or short blank plate is often inserted between the upper and lower sentences. The main tunes are Lu tune, including Lao Lu tune, anti-palace Lao Dan tune and Lu tune adagio, medium urgent board, opening, long three-cavity, crying cavity, talking head board, curling board and allegro. In the 1930s, it also absorbed the mainland tune of Hangzhou Wulin class, the Lingling tune of Suzhou documentary tune (rap tune evolved from Su Tan and Ping Tan), the fan tune of Su Tan and flexion and extension, the triangle, the high-pitched tune, the spring tune, the purple bamboo tune, the nine-serial tune and the embroidered pocket of Beijing Opera.

(1) Singing

It belongs to the complex of Qupai plate cavity, and has the remarkable characteristics of separation of male and female cavities. Melody is basically the format variation structure of the upper and lower sentences, and a long or short blank board is often inserted between the upper and lower sentences. The main tone is spring, soft, smooth and brisk.

(2) Musical instruments

Erhu is the main instrument, supplemented by Erhu, supplemented by Pipa, Sanxian and dulcimer, and instruments such as Xiao, Di, Zhonghu, Violin and Cello are also involved.

3. The role of tin drama

Although there is a division of roles in tin drama, it can be roughly divided into several stages of development:

In the duet stage, the male part is called "hand hand" (or "left mouth") and the female part is called "hand hand" (or "right mouth").

During the period of small co-performance, the number of roles increased, and the role business also developed from the "three small" in the sub-play to the five elements of "small, old, funny (ugly), old Dan and Hua Dan".

In Datong Field, the young students are divided into "refined" and "civil and military", the old students are divided into "old students of family background", "old students of civil and military" and "treacherous old students", the funny ones are divided into "funny about current affairs" (singing current news) and "funny about ignorant people" (also known as "cold face", who is good at abstinence), while Lao Dan is divided into.

Each line is divided into various small lines according to different roles:

1, Xiao Sheng: divided into elegant Xiao Sheng, Wu Wen Xiao Sheng and villain Xiao Sheng (also known as "funny" Xiao Sheng).

Elegant young students play various young scholars and singers, such as Fang Qing in Pearl Tower.

Wu Wen Xiao Sheng plays a variety of young military commanders, who are good at singing and dancing, and have unparalleled martial arts, such as Di Qing in "The Five Tigers in the Western Heaven".

Xiao Sheng, the villain, plays all kinds of dude, and his vocals are mostly long paragraphs, such as Zhang Tang in He Wenxiu.

2. Old students: divided into family old students, civil and military old students and treacherous old students.

Old family members play the role of members and officials, especially singers, such as Chen Peide in the Pearl Tower.

Wu Wen veteran plays all kinds of generals, and can also sing and dance well, such as Li Guang in "Changing Knife to Kill Wife".

Treacherous old students play all kinds of sinister traitors, all of which are sung in tiger tones, such as Pang Ji in Five Tigers for the Day.

3. Funny: It can be divided into trend funny and plain funny (also known as "cold face funny").

Trendy plays all kinds of humorous characters, and is good at singing local news at that time, such as the mountain forest treasure of Pantuo Burning Incense.

Fools play all kinds of honest people, who are good at winning by "Yin Jue", such as "Double Pearl Phoenix" and so on.

4. Lao Dan: It is divided into Lao Dan family and Cai Dan family.

My hometown plays all kinds of kind old women and singers, such as Fang Shi Yang in the Pearl Tower.

Cai Dan plays an upright, provocative or hypocritical middle-aged woman. She can sing and dance, and perform flexibly, such as Mother Yang in He Wenxiu.

4. Traditional repertoire of tin opera

There are about 277 traditional operas of tin opera, such as selling wonton, peach, dumpling, flower tendon, grass pier, jiaozi, sparerib, peach picking, cabbage picking, pomegranate picking, sweat towel borrowing, cloak borrowing and yellow chaff borrowing. Fierce horse with red mane, killing sister-in-law, Lantern Festival, Jin Yunu, cutting the sutra hall, Zhao Jun going out to the fortress, Chen Xingyuan and Fan (the second plum), watching Qionghua, butterfly lovers, Hosta, burning. He Wenxiu, and Chinese cabbage, describing golden phoenix, in distress situation, Haitang, Sheyan, Huang Huiru, Lu Genrong, evil women's singles gang, Bu, Chen Ajian, a cucumber with three poles, Mingying Bridge, etc.