Taoist traditional concept

In the history of China's cultural development, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, as the three major components of China's traditional culture, each influenced China's culture with its different cultural characteristics; At the same time, the three elements are integrated with each other, and * * * plays a role in the cultural development of China, which fully embodies the characteristics of cultural diversity and complementarity in China. Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are the three pillars of China's traditional cultural building. In the cultural history, Confucianism is praised by people for its experience of "abandoning a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". Confucianism pays more attention to "life" and "morality". In the Analects of Confucius, Confucius put forward the idea of "prospering in poetry, standing in ceremony and becoming happy", and saw the great role of music poetry and music in cultivating people's moral cultivation, that is, the role of education. Confucius regarded them as an auxiliary means of moral cultivation. From this, we can see that Confucius' understanding of the relationship between literature and reality reflects the realism in Confucius' literary thought. 1 also puts personality value and moral value above life value. Confucius said, "The three armed forces can win the position of commander in chief, but ordinary men can't win the ambition." (The Analects of Confucius Zi Han) emphasizes that people should have independent will and personality. Meng Ziyun said, "Richness and wealth can't be lewd, poverty and lowliness can't be moved, and powerful people can't be bent. This is called a gentleman. " (Mencius on Teng Wengong) stressed that we should adhere to principles and safeguard human dignity under any circumstances. Consistent with the value orientation of emphasizing "morality", Confucianism also believes that spirit is higher than matter, and highly advocates the theory of spiritual immortality in the value comparison between material life and spiritual life, and material life and spiritual life. The core ideas of Confucianism are "benevolence" and "benevolence", which are also regarded as the unique and lofty significance and value of human life. On the one hand, Confucianism affirms people's inner goodness, on the other hand, it also advocates strengthening the external "discipline ceremony", emphasizing that the combination of the two is the way of life: follow the discipline ceremony to show people's natural virtue, and then reach the perfect state of people and become a saint. Zhang Zai said: "Determined to heaven and earth, paving the way for the people, connecting the past with the future, and peace for all generations." This is the Confucian philosophy of self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and calming the world.

Confucianism puts people first in real social relations, affirms the meaning of human life and the value of human nature, and emphasizes the promotion of moral quality in the real world to achieve an ideal state. This ideological feature can be summarized as humanism. Confucian humanism tradition has become the mainstream of China culture with its great function and influence. For the Confucian humanistic tradition, Taoism takes naturalism as its tradition. He advocates observing and explaining life, society and the universe with the nature, causes and principles of nature, and strives to make all human behaviors conform to the original features and changing laws of nature. Laozi, the founder of Taoism, thinks that "man is everywhere, the earth follows the sky, the sky follows the Tao, and the Tao follows the nature" (Chapter 25 of Laozi), that is, the Tao takes nature as the law, and nature is the fundamental principle and the highest principle of the universe, and it follows natural inaction. Taoism takes the emphasis on natural inaction as its main theme, and takes Rou Kegang as "all things are negative and embrace Yang, and rushing to think of peace", "the weak are used by Taoism" and "the weak are better than the strong, and the soft are better than the strong, which is well known in the world". Taoism attaches importance to femininity, which endows China culture with a flexible feature, which also makes China literature form a pursuit of calmness, depression, openness and sadness. At the same time, Taoism also emphasizes "making something out of nothing", "focusing on emptiness" and "being extremely quiet and faithful to emptiness". This emphasis on the virtual constitutes a basic concept of China culture, and also makes literature and art form an aesthetic pursuit of the coexistence of the virtual and the real. In literary works, it emphasizes the space for readers to imagine, especially in poetry, and pursues a blank beauty with endless meaning. Such as "getting carried away" and "not saying enough", make the requirements of literary works implicit, form the mysterious traditional artistic conception of China ancient literature, and lay a theoretical foundation for the emergence and development of artistic conception theory. Corresponding to Confucian realistic literature and art, it is not difficult to find that the romantic literary trend runs through the whole history of China ancient literature, and the romantic literary trend is directly inspired by Taoism and Taoist thought. It is generally believed that the source of China's romantic literary tradition is Zhuang Zhou's Zhuangzi, which is a romantic fable and philosophical work in itself, clearly showing that beauty lies in God, not in form, and has had a great influence on China's literary and aesthetic tradition of paying attention to vividness. Although most of us take Confucianism and Confucius and Mencius as the learning route to establish ethics, as for the ideological field of self-cultivation and self-cultivation, managing the country and ruling the world. However, after careful observation, we can find that in fact, in the personality and moral education of intellectuals at all times and at all times, most of them are not only based on Confucianism, but also on Taoist thought and spirit. Buddhism is the oldest of the three major religions in the world. As a reflection of social life, religion is the product of the development of human thinking to a certain stage. It is the result of human cultural activities and is closely related to various cultural forms. Buddhism views life from the coordinate of "liberation", which adds a tradition of liberation to China culture —— based on the value judgment of "impermanence and bitterness" of life, and with sincere concern for people's confusion, troubles, pain and death, it points out the ways and methods of liberation, thus providing people with a religious spiritual support. Since the introduction of Buddhism, it has had a great influence on China's philosophy. It first merged with metaphysics in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, forming a generation of style of study, and caused the famous "dispute between form and spirit" in the history of ancient philosophy in China. Then, after more than 600 years' digestion by China, it was integrated into the Confucian theory of mind and nature in China's traditional philosophy and the thoughts of Monk, Zhuang Zhou and others, and finally transformed into China's Buddhist philosophy in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Buddhism has a deep relationship with poetry. It enriches new contents and provides a new realm for poetry creation. Moreover, with the prevalence of Buddhism, many poets set foot in Buddhism and made friends with famous monks. The friendship between Xu Xun and Wang Xizhi and Zhi Dun, the friendship between Bai Juyi and the Buddhist monk Niaoke, and the friendship between Su Shi and the Buddhist monk Fo Yin. They have left many stories for China's poetry circles. Their poems are plain and natural, free and easy, without gorgeous and wonderful epigrams or artistic descriptions. They seem unremarkable and their words are not surprising. In fact, most of them point out things directly, shallow the image, far-reaching and thought-provoking. This poetic style has a profound influence on China's poetry. The traditional cultural thoughts represented by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in ancient China are closely related. Confucianism values statutes, while Taoism values nature. Many important literary thinkers, such as Li Bai, Liu Zongyuan, Bai Juyi, who was drunk singing Xiangshan, and especially Su Shi, who was free and easy, all embodied the ideological integration of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. We can clearly feel the intersection of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in Su Shi. In his view, there is no fundamental boundary between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Su Shi's younger brother Su Zhe wrote an epitaph for him, saying, "Jia Yi and Lu Zhi have written a good book, and it is not empty talk to treat chaos in ancient and modern times. After watching Zhuangzi, I sighed and said, "I have seen it in the past, but my mouth failed to speak. Today, I saw Zhuangzi, which won my heart. "Is the golden mean, subtle and unknown to the ancients. Taste said: "I regard this world, and my only son can listen to me." "After living in the Yellow River, Dumen lived in the deep, galloped calligraphy, and the words became like the edge of Sichuan, but could not be reached. After reading Shi's book, I have a deep understanding of reality. I am old and old, and there is no difficulty in arguing, but I can't see its limits. " (Epitaph of the Dead Brother and Son) "The main body of Su Shi's political thought is Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and he is good at integrating Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism to cope with the change of everything. He suffered a political setback. But he has always maintained the pursuit of life and beautiful things, which is related to his adoption of Confucianism and Taoism in his life. Politically, we should adhere to the spirit of Confucianism's active accession to the WTO, not following the crowd, but drifting with the tide. However, in life, he amuses himself and goes with the flow. The Buddha's old ideas made him philosophical and open-minded. No matter where the boat of fate drifts, he is optimistic and detached and always adopts a positive attitude towards social life. " Su Shi pays attention to the natural essence of literature and art and emphasizes the naturalness of creation, which makes Su Shi's literary thought stand out. For example, his "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia": a river of no return, a romantic figure was washed away by the waves. To the west of the old base, humanity is the Red Cliff in Zhou Lang. Rocks go through the air, waves crack the shore and roll up thousands of piles of snow. As picturesque as a mountain, how many heroes there are at one time! Looking back on Zhou Yu's spring breeze era, young and beautiful Joe just married him, and he was full of heroic spirit. Feather fan nylon scarf, talking and laughing, lost in the smoke. Old country fugue, affectionate Ying Xiao Wo, early life in France and China. Things are like a dream, a bottle or a month. The whole poem is a perfect combination of scenery writing, nostalgia and lyricism. This word expresses Su Shi's complex and contradictory thoughts. Su Shi was deeply influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. On the one hand, he admires Qu Yuan, Zhuge Liang and others for helping the people and is eager to make contributions. On the other hand, he loves Tao Qian, worships Zhuangzi, and can still maintain a detached and broad-minded attitude in the sinister political adversity. On the other hand, he kept close contact with Fo Yin, a famous monk, and was proficient in Zen. Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are originally contradictory, but Su Shi is used to treating political thoughts and life thoughts differently and unifying them in the form of "Confucianism outside and Taoism inside", thus forming a positive and enterprising spirit in Su Shi's world outlook, which is intertwined with the nihilistic attitude of "life and death are equal to right and wrong". Another example is his "Dingfengbo": if you don't listen to the sound of leaves beating in the Woods, why not sing and walk slowly. Bamboo poles and sandals are more dexterous than riding horses. What's to be afraid of? A raincoat and hemp fiber, despite the wind and rain, still live my life. The cold spring breeze woke me up and it was a little cold. The hillside is sloping, but it is pleasant. Looking back at the place where I met the wind and rain, going back, for me, there is no wind and rain, but it is still sunny. In Tao, a small life event that encounters rain is described, which shows the philosophy of life. Poets don't worry about wind and rain, and they don't take yat sen villa as comfort. For him, the wind and rain changes in nature are "no wind and rain, no sunshine". This feeling of life stems from the author's Zen and broad-minded feelings. With this realm, the poet can be detached and get "a lifetime of misty rain". Therefore, in history, the three major schools have played their respective advantages and made up for each other's limitations with their own cultural characteristics. "Confucianism, Buddhism and old age are all nominal. Real, heart also. " If you have the heart, you can be a Confucian, a Buddhist or an old man ... Knowing this, you can join the Sanyan School. "They are not simple individuals, but interrelated, which has a great influence on China's literary road.