The main features of the French garden

French garden refers to one of the three major garden systems in Europe, the French garden system style, the following by me for you to organize the main features of the French garden, I hope to help you!

The main features of the French garden

(1) French gardens belong to the plane pattern garden. There is a sense of flat spread. Its site selection is more flexible. There are many successful French gardens have been swamps and other unfavorable terrain, transformed into beautiful gardens and landscapes.

(2) French gardens are good at using wide garden paths to form a through line of vision, in addition to taking the method of setting up water channels to construct an unprecedented grand garden.

(3) French gardens in the plane composition of the Italian garden axis of symmetry, the main axis from the beginning of the building along a straight line along the stretch to the axis as the center of the symmetrical arrangement of other parts. Garden form to show the supremacy of the theme of the idea of imperial power.

(4) the composition, the mansion is at the center of the position, plays a role in controlling the whole garden, usually built on the high point, the garden is subordinate to the planning of the building.

(5) The composition of the garden itself also reflects the hierarchy. Throughout the garden of the central axis focus on decorative, the most beautiful flower beds, statues, fountains arranged in the central axis, road grading rigorous. The entire garden for the well-organized, strict order, main and subordinate, simple and clear, solemn and elegant geometric grid.

(6) fully embodies the characteristics of artificiality. The pursuit of spatial infinity, vastness and openness and extroversion. Requires a large flat site (as the open-air living room of the mansion, also related to the pursuit of remoteness) (7) Hedges and jungles Hedges are the dividing line between flower beds and jungles. Thickness is often 015 —016 meters, the form is regular, and parallel to each other. Hedges range in height from 1 m short to 10 m high. Hedges are generally planted very densely, pedestrians can not be arbitrarily traversed, and a special entrance and exit. Commonly used species for hedges include boxwood, yew, and rice heart trees. Jungle usually refers to a square-shaped tree planting area, divided into "bocce ball theater", "combination of jungle", "star-shaped jungle", "V-shaped There are four types of planting areas: the "Rollerball Playground", the "Combination Jungle", the "Star Jungle" and the "V-Jungle". The "bocce ball court" is a lawn in the center of the trees with a fountain in the middle of the lawn. The lawn is surrounded by trees, fences, water dishes, and no other decorations. The "Combination Jungle" and the "Star Jungle" have a number of small circular open spaces. The "V-jungle" is a group of five lawn trees planted in a V-shape.

(8) the treatment of water features: fountains and canals. French gardens attach great importance to water, that water is an indispensable element of gardening, skillfully planned water features, especially the use of running water is an effective means of expressing the vitality of the garden.

French gardens in the fountain design program is diverse, some from ancient Greco-Roman mythology, some from the flora and fauna decorative motifs, most of them have a specific meaning, and can be coordinated with the entire garden layout. The application of aqueducts is mainly to create a wide view and beautiful landscape, and at the same time provide a playground for the owners of the garden. People can take a beautiful boat in the aqueduct swimming, while listening to the moving water music, enjoy the surrounding brilliant gardens and palaces. Parade, people will also set off colorful fireworks, so that the colorful reflection on the water, creating a mythical atmosphere.

(9) flower beds Le & amp; middot; Nott designed flower beds have six types: namely, "embroidered flower beds", "combined flower beds", "British flower beds

"Embroidery flower bed" is the poplar and other trees planted in rows, forming an embroidery pattern, in a variety of flower beds is one of the most beautiful. This flower bed is often planted flowers, cultivation of lawn.

"Combined flower beds" is a combination of four symmetrical parts of the flower bed by the vortex pattern planting area, lawn, knot flower planting area, flower planting area.

"British flower beds" is a grass or mowed lawn, surrounded by 015 —016 meters wide path, and then surrounded by flowers to form a planting zone, the form is more common.

The 'zoned flower bed' is unusual in that it consists entirely of symmetrically shaped boxwoods, without any lawn or embroidery planting.

The "Citrus Bed" has similarities to the "English Bed" but differs in that the "Citrus Bed" is filled with orange trees and other shrubs.

Water beds are flower beds that are created by concentrating water from springs that run through lawns, trees, and flower gardens.

(10) lattice wall The design of lattice wall has a long history, but it is only in the French gardens in the medieval rough wooden lattice wall transformed into a sophisticated garden buildings and references to the garden. Garden lattice wall has become a very popular garden elements, widely used, and have specialized craftsmen to produce. It was used to create gazebos, parlors, garden gates, corridors, and all other architectural structures in the gardens. Lattice wall is not only inexpensive, and easy to produce, with the unparalleled superiority of stone.

(11) sculpture French garden sculpture can be roughly divided into two categories: one is the ancient Greco-Roman sculpture of the imitation; the second is in a certain genre based on innovation. Most of the latter distinctive personality, with a strong artistic infectivity. The development of French gardens:

First, the French gardens before the Renaissance

1. French gardens originated in the orchards and vegetable fields.

2. From the 1st century B.C. to the 4th century A.D., France was a Roman province of Gaul, making a large number of Romanesque buildings, including manor houses.

3. Medieval gardens developed mainly in monasteries and princely residences. The use of hedges, trellises, green arcades was widespread.

4. After the 12th century, the economy rose and the art of gardening changed; the Crusades brought back the developed culture of the East, including some elements of gardening such as ornamental plants.

5. At the end of the 13th century, a new element appeared: a mechanical device. Later, it became popular in the gardens of Western Europe; in France, it gave rise to a variety of water play.

6. In the second half of the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century, with the Anglo-French wars, the art of gardening as a whole was at a standstill.

7. 11 to the end of the 13th century, Western European ___ countries to recover the Holy Land of Jerusalem as a call, and a series of military expeditions (countries on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea) expansion activities. It was called the Crusades because of the cross symbols sewn on the participants' clothing.

Second, the French gardens of the Renaissance

1. The French Renaissance was triggered from Italy. After the French invasion of Italy (1494~1495), Charles VIII brought gardeners and craftsmen from Italy to serve his court.

2. In the first phase of the Renaissance, in the first half of the 16th century, there was no significant progress in the art of gardening in France, and the Italian influence was piecemeal, mainly in terms of content and techniques.

3. First, there was the gradual change in the architectural elements of the garden from Gothic to Italian Renaissance.

4. The gardens were occasionally embellished with statues. The squares in the beds were all embroidered planting beds, but with a simpler pattern.

5. There was also a new gardening element that came from Italy: the grotto.

6. The pattern of multi-level terraces was dominant in France, but the terraces were wide with little difference in height.

7. Open pools and canals, too, became important.

8. At the end of the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century, the architect Etienne · Du Perac (Etienne du Perac, 1535 ~ 1604) and horticulturalist Mollet family (Les Mollets) to develop the French garden to a new level.

9. treat the flower garden as a whole composition, according to the pattern arrangement of embroidery planting beds;

10. Thereafter, the French garden completely rid of the monotony and tedium of the utility garden, although retained the original geometric divisions of the pattern, but to make it more varied, more imaginative and creative art, and the emergence of a tendency to pursue the magnificent, brilliant.

Renaissance gardens for the early French classicism. In the advocacy of artificial beauty, advocate the influence of the concept of orderly gardening, garden layout will focus on the rules of orderly geometric composition, this concept at the same time in the treatment of plant elements are also manifested in their use of plants in the form of green walls, green barriers, hedges, green buildings, and other forms of appearances, and highly skilled, fully reflecting their rationalist ideas.

Third, the classical period of the French garden

In the second half of the 17th century, the king's power was great, and the culture of classicism became the court culture. Classicism in the performance of the building: classical columns as the basis for the composition, highlighting the axis, emphasizing symmetry, focusing on proportion, pay attention to the master-slave relationship. Le & amp; middot; Nortel-style gardens appear, marking the maturity of the French garden art and the arrival of the true classicism garden era. French classical Fengyi garden in the initial Baroque era laid the foundation; in the great era of Louis XIV, by Le N?tre to try and form a great style; and finally at the beginning of the 18th century, by Le N?tre's disciple, Le Blond (Le Blond) assisted Dezallier (Dezallier d’ Argenville) to write a "gardening theory and Practice" book, is regarded as "the bible of the art of gardening", marking the complete establishment of the theory of French classical garden art.

French classical garden, focusing on the performance of the order under the rule of Louis XIV, is a solemn and childish aristocratic momentum, is completely artificial characteristics. Vastness is undoubtedly reflected in the size of the garden and the scale of space on the largest features, the pursuit of space infinity, and therefore has the characteristics of extroversion. Although there are many vases, statues, fountains, etc., they are not dense and do not have the feeling of being piled up. On the contrary, it has a simple and clear, solemn and elegant effect. French-style garden and as the residence of the "open-air living room" to build. Therefore, the need for a large site, and the requirements of the terrain is flat or slightly undulating. Flat terrain is conducive to the formation of symmetrical effects on both sides of the central axis. Sometimes, the designer needs to create undulating terrain according to the design intention, but the height difference is usually not big. As a result, there is an overall gentle and spacious effect.

In terms of planting; French-style gardens are widely used in the rich broad-leaved trees; can clearly reflect the seasonal changes. Trees are often concentrated planted in the forest garden; the formation of dense jungle, which is a miniature of the forest on the plains of France, just the edge of the pruned, but also by the range of rectilinear roads, and the formation of a neat appearance. The scale of this jungle is harmonized with the huge palaces and flower beds to form a unified effect. Jungle inside and open up many colorful small activity space, which is Le N?tre in the unity of change, and make the change in the unity of a creation.

Fourth, the 18th century "British and Chinese" garden

In the middle of the 18th century, the French bourgeoisie progressive thinkers set off the Enlightenment, against the authority of the Church and the feudal system, and the rationality as the basis for thought and action, the guidelines, philosophical Agreeing with the British doctrine of empiricism, denying the supreme role of innate reason and believing that sense experience is the source of all knowledge, they favored natural deism or atheism. The vast majority believed that the state of nature was superior to civilization, that it was healthy and moral, and that "civilization is slavery to liberty and natural life," and advocated a "return to nature." (Rousseau) in the British landscape garden (Figure 3 British landscape garden —— Sheffield Gardens) and Chinese gardens under the double influence of the emergence of France with a strong idealism and romanticism of the painting-style landscape garden, also known as the "British-Chinese" garden (Figure 4) French English Chinese garden —— Versailles small Triannon garden in the "Pavilion of Love"). It is based on the peculiar natural landscape, the use of realistic expression, the formation of a painted landscape garden skeleton, and blended into the exotic architectural vignettes or villages, such as farmhouses, showing a kind of artifice, the pursuit of new and different design tendencies

Fifth, the 19th century, urban parks movement

At the end of the 18th century, with the high degree of industrial and commercial development in Europe, the city of Versailles, the city of Versailles, the city of Versailles. With the high degree of industrial and commercial development, the scale of many European metropolis is over-expanded, the medieval city unique coordination and order has been greatly damaged, the emergence of chaotic traffic, environmental degradation, scale is no longer pleasant, gradually away from the nature of the "capitalist city syndrome". The regular urban layout influenced by the French garden, such as Gabert (Cabet) and Owen (Owen) and others envisioned a checkerboard urban pattern, as well as the influence of the British landscape garden and the emergence of the concept of "nature into the city", became the basic guidelines for urban design at that time.

City parks, as an important part of urban infrastructure, have brought a lot of nature to the city while improving the urban environment. The emergence of new public **** garden, but also make the garden design concept and design style to produce a radical change.

In the 19th century, the practical core of the French garden design methods, requirements based on the garden area, terrain, and the relationship with the building to determine what form of composition, resulting in eclectic garden prevalence; garden design to "nature" as the theme, and strive to reproduce the characteristics of the natural landscape, focusing on the excavation of garden connotation, against all forms of simple plagiarism.

However, in line with the "popular" interest, the four seasons have a scene, step by step under the guidance of the idea of landscape, the 19th century garden most people feel is a little bit of everything, a large number of irrelevant scenery is stacked together.

Sixth, the 20th century, the pre-modern garden trend

From the late 19th century, France as the center of culture and art in Europe, a variety of modern art trends continue to emerge, and continue to die. In a variety of "new art" under the impetus of the trend, garden designers began to seek design inspiration from modern art, making the "new garden" endless. Such as Duchene (Duchene) father and son advocate of the neo-classical trend, mixed or combined style, "garden architecture" school, the impressionist painter's garden, Albert & amp; middot; Kane (Albert Kahn ) of the international "Art Nouveau" garden, neo-colonialism. "The 1925 Paris Exposition des Arts Décoratifs set off another round of exploration of "modern gardens", such as "Cubist" gardens, Art Deco gardens, neo-Baroque avant-garde gardens, garden city movements, and so on. gardens, Art Deco gardens, Neo-Baroque avant-garde gardens, the Garden City movement, and so on, to name but a few. However, most of the "modern gardens" in this period were limited to small private gardens, and emphasized form over substance. For example, Gabriel Guevrekian designed the "Garden of Water and Light" for the Exposition des Arts Décoratifs in Paris in 1925, and the "Cubist" garden for the Villa Marie-laure et Charles de Noailles in 1926. The "Cubist" garden for the Villa Marie-laure et Charles de Noailles in 1926.