Analysis of architectural elements and folk custom background of traditional Mongolian yurts

Analysis of architectural elements and folk custom background of traditional Mongolian yurts

Architectural elements refer to architectural forms with certain cultural and historical characteristics and local characteristics, as well as elements of various parts of the building. Traditional Mongolian yurts reflect the culture of Mongolian plateau and nomadic people, and reflect the architectural level, technological characteristics and aesthetic trend of nomadic people in the past dynasties in this area. It is the carrier of intangible culture. Traditional yurts can be divided into three parts from top to bottom: skylight, roof and fence. Each part contains both scientific principles and profound folk customs. In the design of modern yurt style, we should not only pay attention to the application of architectural elements of yurt, but also respect its folk background.

1 skylight section

Taonao: According to the ancient Mongolian legend, the skylight is the embodiment and shape of the sun. Together with the fire bracket (Turaga), it constitutes the sun and flame objects worshipped by Mongols.

? Mongolian yurts are generally made of willow or elm, which can be divided into two types: connecting type (see Figure 2) and inserting type (see Figure 3). The difference between the two sets of sleeves is that there is a flexible structure (see figure 1) on the outer circumference of the combined sleeve, which is equal to the number of thimbles. When the connected skylight is transported, the thimble can be harvested like an umbrella. The push rod of tenon skylight is directly inserted into the skylight, and there is no need to use rubber bands in series. There is no flange at the periphery of this skylight, only blind holes equal to the number of matching ejector pins are used for inserting the ends of ejector pins. During handling, the tenon-inserted skylight ejector rod is separated from the skylight and bundled separately for transportation.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of connection mode of connecting skylight and ejector rod

Fig. 3 Edge-inserted skylight

The decorative features of peach brain are: red or blue as the background, gold as the decoration, and creeping grass patterns. Draw a dragon series or spread exquisite carvings.

2 Roof section

According to legend, the Wuni columns arranged radially on the top of the yurt symbolize the radiant light of the sun, covering the whole space and making the whole yurt full of light and warmth.

(1) push rod (Uni). The ejector pin is the shoulder of the yurt, which is connected with the sleeve and Hana. Its length, size and thickness should be uniform, and the wood should be uniform. The length is determined by the number of walls, and the number should change accordingly. The thimble is a slender round wooden pole, the upper end of which should be inserted into or connected with the skylight, and the head must be smooth and slightly bent, otherwise the felt bag will easily tilt and fall. There is a rope buckle at the lower end, which is convenient to be sleeved with the fence fork. The thickness is determined by the wall, and the upper end of the fork stuck on the wall is flush. The ejector pin is made of pine or red willow wood. The upper part is decorated with creeping weeds, so the arrow tail is used as the standard for the end of decoration.

(2) Top felt. The top felt is the top decoration of the yurt, and it is also the focus of the external decoration of the yurt. The felt on it is square, and the four corners should be glued with tape. It can adjust air circulation, temperature and light intensity in the bag. The size of the felt is determined by the diagonal length of the square. Its side length is slightly larger than the outer diameter of the sleeve', and the four sides should be wrapped with threads twisted by camel hair, and all kinds of flowers should be drawn out at the four corners, or two horsehair ponytail ropes' should be sewn on the four sides, and belts should be nailed at the four corners. A corner of the top felt is connected with a tether for exposing or covering the top.

Figure' Skylight with grass and staff.

Fig. 5 grass thimble.

(3) the ceiling. The ceiling is part of the canopy at the top of the yurt. Each half is like a fan, usually consisting of three or four layers of felt. Taking the distance from the center of the tower brain to Hanatu as the radius, the felt drawn is the inner part of the ceiling, and the part drawn with half the diameter of the tower brain is the collar of the ceiling. Dig a circle in the middle, which is equivalent to the size of the tower brain. There should be a certain overlap between the front and rear pieces of the ceiling to prevent the influx of rain, wind and dust. The outside of the roof felt should be wrapped and pressed in, and fixed firmly. It looks beautiful, too

(4) outer cover. The outer cover is a cloth cover covering the ceiling, an ornament of yurts, and also

It is a symbol of rank. When cutting, its upper edge is aligned with the toothed outer ring, and its lower edge exceeds the upper edge of the enclosure wall. The upper and lower edges of the outer cover should be wrapped, and beautiful auspicious patterns such as nose lines and lotus flowers are often embroidered. The outer cover of Mongolian ancient bag originated very early. It used to be owned by ordinary families, and later it became the patent of nobles and lamas. The decoration of the outer cover is mainly in the upper part of the area, with blue as the main color.

Nose print.

3 fence

According to legend, the diamond lattice on the wall symbolizes the rolling hills on the grassland, blocking the wind in all directions and hiding people who are resting. (1) Structure and characteristics of Hana. The size of yurts is determined by the number of fences, which are generally even numbers such as six, eight, ten and twelve. The height of the enclosure wall can be adjusted relatively. Generally speaking, the size of Mongolian yurts can be known by how many heads and nails Hana has. Usually, there are 15 shell heads. When making the enclosure wall, the wickers with roughly the same length, thickness and fineness are alternately arranged at equal distance to form many parallelogram grids, and the intersections are nailed with leather nails (preferably camel skin). If the yurt is to be built high, the mesh of the wall will be narrow and the diameter of the yurt will be small; If it is to be built short, the mesh of the wall should be wide and the diameter of the bag should be large. The rainy season should be set higher and the windy season should be set lower. Mongolian people are nomadic all the year round, and the basically flat grassland can be used as the foundation of Mongolian yurts. The folding characteristics of the shell wall make it easy to assemble, disassemble, carry and cover.

This wall has great support. The Y-shaped branch mouth through which the fence passes is called/head at the top,' leg' at the bottom, and both sides are tied together with other fences and called/mouth. After the wall head uniformly bears the gravity from the ejector pin, it is evenly dispersed and diffused through various grids and transmitted to the wall legs. This is why a finger-thick wicker can bear two or three thousand kilograms of pressure.

The fence is beautiful in appearance. Made of wicker, it's light but not broken, it doesn't crack when punched, it doesn't deform when wet, and the mesh size is the same. The felt bag made in this way not only meets the mechanical requirements, but also has a symmetrical and beautiful appearance. Pay special attention to the curvature of the wall. Generally, there are special tools. The head should be bent inward, the face should protrude outward, the legs should be rolled inward, and the upper part should be straight and upright than the lower part. This can stabilize the ejector pin, and the bag shape is round, which is convenient for three ropes to clamp.

(2) felt. The felt around the wall is called felt. An ordinary yurt has four blankets. The felt is rectangular. The size of the felt is 20 centimeters higher than Hannah's. The upper edge of the felt should be provided with holes and belts. There are also ropes on the felt legs. The exposed part of the felt should be edged and flattened. Felt with layering should be pressed on felt without layering. The side of the felt is not layered or edged.

4 doors

Old-fashioned traditional yurts only have door frames and felt curtains, and only recently have wooden doors. After the wall is erected, resize the grid. The height of the wall is the height of the door frame. The door is framed. Therefore, the door of the yurt should not be too high, and people should bend in and hang a felt curtain outside. Felt curtains are made of three or four layers of felt. The length and width are measured according to the outside of the door frame. There are various patterns on all sides. Ordinary felt doors are mostly white with blue or red edges. Hanging on the door. The lintel felt hangs outside the door. Generally, the lintel felt is three-tongued, angular and covered with Najib-like patterns.

In modern times, Mongolian yurts began to install door leaves. Because of the simple folk customs on the grassland, there are no locks and no door gods to ward off evil spirits. The door area is also the focus of decoration, generally with red as the background, covered or painted with auspicious patterns.

Five pillars

There are more than eight yurts. Hana should have a pillar. The yurt is too big and its weight increases. A windy day will bend a part of Tao's brain. This is usually the case with connection sleeves. Large yurts with more than eight hanas generally have two or four pillars. On the ground of the yurt, there is a wooden frame surrounded by fire, and there are holes in its four corners for inserting column feet. At the other end of the column, it is supported under the peach tree. Columns are round, square, hexahedron and octahedron. The pattern on the pillar is dragon, phoenix and water clouds. In the past, only the monarch could use it?

Folk custom analysis of Mongolian traditional Mongolian yurt architecture

1 Configuration of items in yurts

The interior furnishings of yurts are unique. All kinds of articles have a fixed position, and the right center is the stove, which is the fire support. Fire occupies a very important position. Fire is an important symbol of the existence of a family and a symbol of its prosperity.

In the past, the northwest side of Mongolian yurts was dedicated to good gods, shrines and ancestors. Mongolians respect the northwest, but now they are replaced by radios and televisions. Put men's grazing and hunting equipment in the southwest in turn. Such as saddle, whip, bow and arrow, shotgun, etc. There is a quilt table in the north of the yurt, and next to the northeast of the quilt table, there is a woman's box. In the East, vertical cabinets painted with various patterns are used to place bowls, lamps, pots, spoons, tea, milk and furniture. Cooking utensils, milk utensils, etc. Was placed in the southeast.

2 seats, sitting and living in yurts.

There is a clear division of seats in the yurt. The ancient Mongols had a matriarchal society and regarded the rising direction of the sun as particularly sacred-the East was ceded to the dominant women, and men were the teachers. With the development of society in the patriarchal era, the west has become a respected position again. Although the seats of men and women have not changed, the relationship between seniority and inferiority has actually been reversed. In the west, men are from upper (north) to lower (south) according to seniority and age. The same is true of women in the East. Due north of the felt bag is called Di Chin as the head of the family. Even your own children can't sit due north or northwest. Only when he becomes the head of the family can he inherit his father's seat. If the father is old, let his son sit in the front (north) and sit in the northwest by himself to take charge of the family business. If a father dares to provoke his son, no matter how old or young he is, his mother will let him sit in the front. There is generally no one sitting at the entrance (south) of the yurt, and there are many people at home, so children can sit temporarily.

The guest's seat in the yurt is similar to the one above. Ordinary guests and young people can't cross the north side of the crossbar in the pottery brain, but the elderly must cross the crossbar and sit down. If the host asks to be seated, it is a respect for the guests, who should sit in the northwest or due north. But generally don't sit in front of the Buddha table or box in the northwest, on the top of the stove fire, to show respect for the gods, ancestors, incense and family. The female guest bypassed the stove fire from the east and sat in the northeast. The east side is reserved for the hostess to make a fire and cook. When the guests are seated in the bag, they should be arranged from top to bottom according to their age, family background and relatives.

The folk proverb says:/Learn to sit even if you don't study. "How to get into a yurt has always been regarded as a matter of learning and great importance. No matter what guests come to other people's homes, they should sit cross-legged. If Bao Xi sits, he should bend his left knee. If Dongbao sits, he should bend his right knee. Not only should the guests sit like this, but the host should also take such a sitting posture after seeing the guests come in, so as to respect each other. In front of the guests, women often take a squatting posture to show their respect and friendship to the guests. Mongols sleep in bags, the master's wife sleeps in the north, and the elders in the family sleep in the west. If you can't sleep, let the woman sleep in the east and give the best position (north or west) to the guests.

When sleeping, no matter the guest's family, you can't put your feet on the Buddha statue and the stove. Sleeping in the west faces north, sleeping in the north faces west and sleeping in the east faces north. When sleeping, put a new blanket on the door dedicated to guests, prepare pillows and bedding, and invite guests to sleep. After the guests, elders and hosts sleep, the rest of the family members choose to sleep in the interval, not in front of the guests.

3. Taboo of ancient clans

(1) Taboos for Felt Doors and Top Felts. You can't step on the threshold, sit on the threshold or block the door. These are the three taboos of yurt door. Visitors must first lift the felt door and cross the threshold before entering. The Yuan Dynasty said that stepping on the threshold of Khan is humiliating the country, and stepping on the threshold of civilians is a defeat and wealth, which has been circulated on the grassland so far.

Guests who respect the host don't step on the threshold, and even the felt door can't enter from the middle. Gently lift the curtain of the sample cloud and enter from the east side of the felt door. Raise your right hand and touch the door with your finger. The intention of doing this is to hope that the owner will be safe and lucky.

You can't touch the yurt top felt casually. In the legend of Tai Chi in Ga Lindahl, Su Nite, there is a blanket, a stove and a hat with a cap that can't be touched. When pulling the felt in the morning, pull the felt belt with your right hand and turn it clockwise to the west to open it. When you cover the top felt at night, pull it back to the east. The felt above is covered at night, but not during the day. During the day, only when it is windy and rainy will the felt on it be covered. Only when someone in the family dies will the top felt be covered during the day, or the triangle of the top felt will be hung down to the skylight.

(2) the stove fire taboo. Mongols respect fire breathing the most, and guests can't step into the wooden frame with fixed fire brackets. Lift the robe when entering or leaving, and avoid touching the wooden frame of the fire support (wooden pin outside the fire support). Be sure to stand upright when you sit on the fire. You shouldn't sprinkle water, spit or throw dirt on the stove. Do not knock the tobacco bag on the fire bracket and its wooden frame, and do not stretch your legs on the stove fire to roast your legs. Knives, scissors, etc. It should not be placed towards the stove, but should be placed in a felt bag and sandwiched between the felt linings of the yurt. It is forbidden to poke the fire with a blade, turn the fire with a blade, poke the meat from the pot with a knife, and turn the meat in the pot with a knife. The praise of burning fire shows that Mongolian burning fire is a custom handed down from Genghis Khan's time. Respecting the stove fire is actually respecting the master.

(3) the taboo of falling rope. The falling rope is a pulling rope tied in the center of the skylight to fix the yurt. The strap of the drawstring is stuffed in the yurt cover, and the crossbar is placed on the Wunili side of the fourth Hana head. The falling rope hung an arc between Tu Nao and Wu Ni, and then put one end of it through Wu Ni's seam, and fortunately pulled it out with a buckle on Wu Ni. If there is a strong wind, you can pull out the falling rope and fix it on it, or pull it hard and fix it on the pile at the root of the north wall outside the bag, so that the yurt will not be blown down by the wind. When pleating the rope, the length of the hanging part should be as good as standing up and reaching for it without meeting. Mongolians believe that rope falling is an auspicious thing, which can ensure the safety of Mongolian yurts and preserve the blessings of five animals. A yurt without rope is incomplete. When selling large animals, you should pull a handful of hair from the mane, tail and knees and tie it to a rope, leaving the animal's ass at home. When selling small animals, the hostess should wipe her mouth with the inside of the robe and leave the animal's ass inside. When the man goes to the woman's house to get married, he will take a long satin hada as a gift for the five animals and put it on the other's rope. Falling rope is an auspicious thing to protect family safety and the reproduction of five animals. Foreigners can't touch it casually.

Mongolian yurt architectural culture is based on the historical stage of nomadic culture in the north and Mongolian culture, and has gradually formed since ancient times. Mongolian yurts are the norms of Mongolian architecture. It has left a deep imprint on the Mongolian long history and culture. Traditional Mongolian yurts can not only make people feel the profound cultural atmosphere, but also make people feel the changes and development of modern civilization from the aspects of patterns, color materials, production technology and folk background, which is also of great guiding significance to modern Mongolian style design. Mongolian yurt skill culture has also been selected in the national intangible cultural heritage list, so it is necessary to carry forward the Chinese national culture and inherit and carry forward the essence of Mongolian traditional architectural elements.