Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional festivals - What are the strange dwellings in China
What are the strange dwellings in China
Southern Folk Dwellings
Southern China's dwellings are more compact, with more buildings, and their typical dwellings are hall houses centered on small rectangular patios. This type of dwelling has a square appearance Southern Folk Dwellings like a seal, and is plain and simple, and is widely distributed in the southern provinces.
The Hakka people in southern Fujian, northern Guangdong and northern Gui often live in large group dwellings, whose plan is both round and square, consisting of a single-story building hall in the central part and four- and five-story buildings around it, which are highly defensive, as represented by the Hakka Tulou in Yongding County, Fujian. Among China's traditional dwellings, the Hakka Tulou in Yongding is unique, with more than 8,000 square, round, octagonal and oval shaped Tulou***, large in scale and beautiful in shape, both scientific and practical and distinctive, constituting a marvelous world of dwellings.
Fujian Tulou is built with local soil, gravel, and wood chips into a single house, which is then connected into a large house, and then built up into a heavy and closed "defensive" castle-style architectural residence - Tulou. Earthen Buildings are strong, safe, closed and have a strong clan character. Inside the building, there are wells and granaries, so that in case of war or banditry, the door will be closed and the building will be self-contained, and in case of siege, the building will be able to provide food and water for several months. In addition to the warmth in winter and coolness in summer, earthquake-proof and wind-resistant features, Tulou has become the residence of Hakka people who have been inherited from generation to generation and prospered.
Minority residential buildings
China's ethnic minority areas of residential buildings are also very diverse, such as the northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur homes are mostly flat roofs, earth walls, one to three floors, outside the enclosure of the ethnic minorities living in buildings with courtyards; the typical Tibetan residence "Diaobang" is a stone masonry walls, the interior is a wooden structure, flat roofs; Mongolia usually live in a residential area of the city. Flat roof; Mongolia usually live in movable yurts; and the southwestern ethnic minorities often rely on the mountains and water to build wooden dry-structured buildings, downstairs, spacious, upstairs, of which the Yunnan Dai's bamboo building is the most distinctive. Southwest China's residential areas to the Miao, Tujia footstools most characteristic. Hanging-footed buildings are usually built on slopes, no foundation, to support the building with pillars, the building is divided into two or three layers, the top layer is very short, only put food does not live in the people, downstairs piling up miscellaneous goods or livestock enclosure.
Northern kiln
China's wide geographical area, more ethnic groups, the form of residential houses around the structure, decorative arts, color tone, etc. have their own characteristics. Here, we will mainly introduce the distinctive northern kiln caves and dwellings in ancient cities.
Northern China, the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River in the area of more kiln type dwellings, in Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Shanxi and other loess areas, the local residents of the natural earth wall Northern kiln cave dwellings within the excavation of horizontal holes, and often connected to a number of holes, in the hole with masonry and stone, the construction of the kiln. Kiln fire, anti-noise, warm in winter and cool in summer, land saving, economic labor saving, the natural picture and life picture organic combination, is the perfect form of construction for local conditions, permeated with people's love and attachment to the yellow earth.
Ancient Residences
In addition, there are also well-preserved ancient cities in China, which have a large number of ancient residences. Among them, Pingyao Ancient City in Shanxi Province and Lijiang Ancient City in Yunnan Province were both inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1998.
Pingyao Ancient City is the most complete surviving ancient county town of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and is a typical representative of the ancient county towns of the Han Chinese Central Plains. To date, the city's walls, streets, dwellings, stores, temples and other buildings are still largely intact, and its architectural pattern and style features remain largely untouched. Pingyao is a living specimen for the study of China's political, economic, cultural, military, architectural and artistic historical development.
Built in the Southern Song Dynasty, Lijiang Ancient City is the only town that combines the traditional architecture of the Naxi ethnic group and foreign architectural features. Lijiang Ancient City was not influenced by the architectural rituals of the Central Plains, and the road network in the city was irregular, with no strict city walls. Black Dragon Pool is the main source of water in the ancient city, the pool water is divided into strips of thin flow into the wall around the household, forming a water network, the ancient city can be seen everywhere in the river and canal water murmuring, the river willows brush the water.
ChuanYu ancient villagers house
Bashu culture is profound, Sichuan and Chongqing ancient villagers house both romantic and unrestrained artistic style, but also contains a wealth of imagination. Mountains and waterfront buildings and Chuanyu ancient villagers house local minority customs closely linked together, has a very unique cultural flavor, both bold and atmospheric side, but also light and elegant side. Such as:
Sichuan residence Sichuan Lizhuang ancient town in Sichuan Shangli ancient town in Sichuan Luocheng ancient town in Sichuan Huanglongxi ancient town in Sichuan Zhaohua ancient town in Sichuan Luodai ancient town in Sichuan Yaoba ancient town in Sichuan Luoquan ancient town in Sichuan Langzhong ancient city in Sichuan Mousi ancient town in Sichuan Taoping Qiangzhai in Sichuan Xiaoxi ancient town in Sichuan Hongya Gaomiao ancient town in Sichuan Hongya Kamba Tibetan residence in Sichuan River River ancient town in Gongtan, Chongqing
Antique villagers' houses in the Lingnan region
The ancient villagers' houses in the Lingnan region
Additional villagers' houses in the Lingnan region
The ancient villagers' houses in Lingnan region have distinctive local characteristics and personality traits, and contain rich cultural connotations. In addition to focusing on its practical function, it is more important to focus on its own spatial form, artistic style, national tradition and coordination with the surrounding environment. Such as:
Guangxi Huangyao Ancient Town Guangxi Guilin Daxu Ancient Town Nanning, Guangxi Yangmei Ancient Town Guangdong Shunde Fengjian Ancient Village Teochew rural traditional residential
Xiangqian Dian ancient towns and residential
Xiangqian Dian ancient architectural clusters are relatively dense, the towns of large-scale clusters (large homes, halls, stores, temples, ancestral halls, etc.) is more and with the building; small buildings (general housing, stores) Smaller buildings (general residences, shops) are free and flexible. The roofs have steep slopes and high corners, and the decoration is exquisite and rich, with a lot of carvings and colorful paintings. The style is characterized by its purity and elegance. Such as:
Hunan Furong Town Hunan Xiangxi Fenghuang Ancient Town Hunan Xiangxi Xiangxi hammock Hubei Jingzhou Ancient Town Guizhou Zhenyuan Ancient Town Guizhou Guiyang Qingyan Ancient Town Guizhou Dong Tribe Folk Dwellings Yunnan Jianshui Ancient Town Yunnan Lijiang Ancient Town
Beijing courtyard
In the Beijing city of small and large hutongs, located in a number of by the east, south, west, north of the four sides of the house surrounded by courtyard-style housing, this is the four courtyard-style housing, which is the four courtyard-style houses. Courtyard type residence, which is the courtyard Beijing courtyard house. Beijing has a variety of sizes of courtyard, but regardless of the size, are composed of a courtyard surrounded by four houses. The simplest siheyuan has only one courtyard, the more complicated ones have two or three courtyards, and the deep houses where the rich and noble people live are usually composed of several siheyuan side by side. The gate of the courtyard is usually opened in the southeast or northwest corner, the north room in the courtyard is the main room, the main room is built on a brick and stone pedestal, larger than the other houses, is the owner of the courtyard room. On both sides of the courtyard were the east and west compartments, where the younger generations lived. Between the main house and the chambers, there is a corridor for people to walk and rest. The character for "four" in "siheyuan" indicates the four sides of the courtyard, namely, the southeast, the northwest and the north; and the character for "he" means to enclose together. In other words, the courtyard is surrounded by houses or walls on all sides. The total number of rooms is generally the north room 3 2 ear 5, east, west room 3, the south house not counting the gate 4, even the big doorway, hanging door **** 17. Such as 11-12 square meters per room calculation, the total area of about 200 square meters. Inside the architectural layout, under the dominance of feudal patriarchal rituals, according to the north-south axis symmetrically arranged houses and courtyards. Courtyard is a general term, due to the size of the building area and the orientation of the different, from the spatial combination of large courtyard, small courtyard, three courtyard. In addition to the main door and the outside world to the outside world, generally do not open the window, even if the window is only the south room in order to light, in the south wall of the ground is very high place to open a small window. Therefore, as long as the door is closed, the courtyard will form a small closed environment. People living in the courtyard do not often interact with the surrounding neighbors. In the small courtyard, the family lives its life without any competition from the world. It can be said that the courtyard is a peaceful and quiet place that Beijingers have found in the torrent of history and in the turbulent social winds and clouds. Generations of Beijingers have spent a long time in these large and small courtyards.
The courtyard is a closed house, with only one street door to the outside world, making it a world of its own behind closed doors, with a strong sense of privacy, perfect for exclusive living. Inside the courtyard, all the houses on all sides open their doors toward the courtyard, and the family is in harmony and happy inside.
Because of the spaciousness of the courtyard, trees and flowers can be planted, birds and fish can be kept, and rocks can be stacked to create a landscape. Residents not only enjoy comfortable housing, but also share a beautiful piece of nature.
Anhui Ancient Houses
In the southern part of Anhui Province, many ancient houses have been preserved. Most of these ancient houses are made of brick and wood, and are surrounded by tall walls. The houses within the walls are usually small two-story buildings with three or five rooms. The larger houses have two, three or more courtyards; there are pools in the courtyards, flowers and plants are planted in front of and behind the houses, and the beams and balustrades are carved with exquisite patterns. The small buildings and deep courtyards are like a world of art. Architects have praised it as "the treasure house of ancient residential architecture".
Hakka Tulou
Tulou is the residence of Hakka people in Guangdong and Fujian. The ancestors of the Hakka people were Han Chinese who migrated to the south from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River more than 1,900 years ago. In order to guard against harassment and protect their families, the Hakka people created these huge dwellings, the earthen buildings. Dozens of families and hundreds of people from an entire clan can live in one earthen building. There are round and square earthen buildings, among which, the most characteristic one is the round earthen building. The round building consists of two or three circles, the outer circle is more than ten meters high, with one or two hundred rooms, the first floor is the kitchen and dining room, the second floor is the warehouse, the third and fourth floors are the bedrooms; the second circle is two floors, with 30 to 50 rooms, usually guest rooms; the middle is the ancestor hall, which can accommodate a few hundred people for the communal **** activities. There are also wells, bathrooms and toilets in the Tulou, just like a small city. The tall and peculiar Hakka Tulou have been praised by architects all over the world.
Yurt
Yurt
Yurt
Yurt is also known as "felt bag". Mongolian traditional folk dwellings. Popular in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and other pastoral areas. A thick wool felt made of round convex roof yurt house. Mobile and fixed two kinds. Pastoral areas more mobile. Usually about 2.5 meters high, 4 meters in diameter. The top of the bag has a round sky, through the smoke. Packet door is small, facing south or southeast. With easy to make, easy to carry, wind and cold, suitable for nomadic and other characteristics. It is a typical dwelling of the nomadic people in northern China that can be dismantled and moved, and it has the characteristics of simple production, easy to assemble, and resistant to wind and cold.
Hanging-foot buildings
This kind of building is only two or three stories high, but it is "hanging" in the water and the hillside, like a pavilion in the air, and it is not easy to build. Building and have "feet", the so-called "feet", in fact, is a few supporting the building of the thick wooden stakes. Built on the water's edge of the foot of the building, stretching out two long before the "foot", y inserted in the river, and ride on the river bank on the other side of the wall foundation **** with the support of a building; in the hillside, the foot of the building's first two "feet" is stable on top of the lower part, with the On the hillside, the first two "feet" of the hanging-footed buildings are firmly on top of the low side, and the other side of the wall foundation **** with the building support balance. There are also some footstools built on the flat ground, which are supported from the ground by several stakes of the same length. Hmong footstools are usually built on slopes and have two or three floors. The uppermost floor is very short and only holds food but not people. Downstairs, they are used to pile up sundries or as livestock pens. Those with two floors do not have a roof. Generally, the wall is made of bamboo and mud, and the roof is covered with grass. According to Hunan's local history, the earliest construction of the footstools was to prevent the intrusion of poisonous snakes and beasts.
Bamboo buildings
Said building, in fact, it is only one floor, just the whole house is a wooden stake high up, but also counted as a pavilion in the air. The bamboo building below the bamboo building stakes generally have 50, between the stakes of the open space is stacked miscellaneous warehouses, some people also used to raise pigs and cattle. As for why the Dai people have been using bamboo buildings as their home since ancient times, it is probably because living in a place high above the ground can prevent moisture and wild animals
Shanghai Houses
Shanghai has been known as the "Architectural Exposition of Nations". On the Bund side of the road, a block of Gothic, Romanesque, Renaissance, Baroque and other Chinese and Western, very different styles of the towering buildings show the elegance of architectural art. Similarly, Shanghai's modern residential architecture can also be described as oceanic, colorful. When it comes to Shanghai's residential buildings, Shikumen naturally comes to mind, which is the most characteristic residential building in Shanghai. Shikumen is the most distinctive residential building in Shanghai. The pattern of Shanghai's residential buildings in the 23rd group of Chinese ordinary stamps, "Chinese Residences", is Shikumen architecture. Shikumen dwellings are derived from the traditional Chinese courtyard houses, which began to appear in Shanghai in the late 19th century as traditional wooden structures with load-bearing brick walls. Because the exterior doors of these houses were made of stone, Shanghai houses were called "Shikumen". As a product of architecture and culture, the Shikumen, which is a fusion of Chinese and Western architectural art, has left a deep imprint on China's modern architectural history. Its emergence is a kind of inevitable urban life - the modernized life of the foreign style, so that the traditional mode of life of the courtyard-style big family was broken, replaced by the Shikumen alley culture suitable for single immigrants and small families. In Shikumen, there are "pavilions", "parlors", "rooms", "patios", and "second landlords". Shikumen-related terms such as "second landlord", "sister-in-law of a white face" and "72 tenants" have become warm memories of old Shanghai. Shikumen buildings flourished in the 1920s, occupying more than three-quarters of all residential buildings at that time. Most of the Shikumen are two-story brick buildings with sloping roofs, often with slotted windows, red brick facades, and traditional Chinese pagodas at the entrances. The main door is made of two solid black lacquered wooden doors with wooden shafts, often equipped with door rings, and the sound of banging in and out echoes in the old Shikumen alley. The lintel of the door is made into a traditional brick and tile roofed doorway, and the exterior wall is carved with the flower carvings of Western architecture. There is a balcony on the second floor, and the overall layout adopts the European townhouse style.
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