The difference between temple number, posthumous title, year number and respect number

What is the number of the temple, posthumous title and year? Not in reputation. What's the difference between temple number, posthumous title and year number? Not in reputation. Let's have a look!

The Emperor's posthumous title

Tan Pollnow. It is the name of the ancient emperor when he announced the sacrifice in the ancestral temple after his death. It is generally believed that temples. Originated in Shang Dynasty, such as Taizong in Taijia, Zhongzong in Wu Tai and Gaozong in Wuding. The name of the temple was very strict at first. According to the standard of "the ancestors made meritorious deeds and the ancestors had virtue", the founding monarch is generally the ancestor and heir monarch who has the ability to govern the country. The posthumous title system was established in the Zhou Dynasty, and the life of the monarch and his subjects was finally evaluated. The temple name system was abolished. Even the posthumous title system in the Qin Dynasty was abolished.

Later, the Han Dynasty inherited the temple name system. The Han dynasty was extremely cautious about adding temple names, so many emperors didn't have temple names. Liu Bang was the founding monarch, with the temple name Mao and the high emperor of posthumous title. The Han Dynasty emphasized filial piety, so posthumous title, the heir, had the word "filial piety". The emperors of the Han Dynasty all had posthumous title, but few people had temple names. Liu Bang was the great ancestor of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowen of Liu Heng Taizong, Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Che Sejong, and Xiao Xuan of Liu Xun Zhongzong. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, grandfathers Guangwudi, Liu Zhuang Xianzong Xiaoming and Liu Yun Suzong. In addition, several emperors in the Eastern Han Dynasty had temple names: Liu Zhao was Emperor Mu Zongxiao, Liu You was Emperor Gong Zongxiao 'an, Liu Bao was Emperor Jing Zong, and Herry Liu was Emperor Wei Zongxiaohuan. However, when the names of these temples were cancelled, Xian Di was filial.

Except for some imperialists and short-lived emperors, there were generally temple names in the Tang Dynasty.

Temple names often use the word "Zu" or "Zu". The founding emperors are generally called "Taizu" or "Gaozu", such as Han Taizu, Tang Gaozu and Song Taizu; Later emperors were generally called "Zong", such as Emperor Taizong, but there were exceptions. The reproduction of "grandfathers" began in Cao Wei. During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the temple names of emperors in small countries such as Houzhao, Yan Qian, Houqin and Xiqin were almost all called grandfathers.

When addressing, the temple number is often placed in front of posthumous title, which together with posthumous title constitutes the full name of the late emperor. Traditionally, before the Tang Dynasty, the dead emperors were generally called posthumous title, such as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Yang Di, rather than the names of temples. After the Tang Dynasty, due to the lengthening of posthumous title, it was renamed as the temple name, such as Taizong and Song Taizu.

Generally speaking, the choice of words for temple names does not refer to the method of writing books, but it also has advantages and disadvantages. Taizu and Gaozu founded the country, and Sejong and Taizong carried forward. Sejong and Gaozong were both honored as their masters. Renzong, Xuanzong, Shengzong, Xiaozong, Chengzong and Zongrui are all wise men, while Zhongzong and Xianzong are all masters of ZTE. In addition, Zhezong, Xingzong, etc. They are all good emperors who have made a difference. The merits of Zongshen and Yingzong are insufficient, Dezong and Ningzong are too weak, Xuanzong, Zhenzong, Jong Li and Daozong are too mysterious, Wenzong and Wuzong have different opinions, Mu Zong and Jing Zong have similar merits, Guangzong and Xizong are fatuous and decadent, and losing their rights and humiliating the country can only lead to national subjugation.

posthumous title

After the death of emperors, princes, ministers and queens who had a certain position in ancient posthumous title, they were evaluated according to their life stories and moral cultivation, and were awarded the titles of goodwill and trial. According to the study of indium antimonide bronze

The granting of trusteeship is highly concentrated in the hands of the emperor and depends on the "imperial decree". According to statistics, from the Western Han Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, there were 10473 royal families and officials, while there were 5935 in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, accounting for 57% of the total. The emperor's posthumous title was generally approved by the etiquette officer and announced after the approval of the succeeding emperor, while the courtiers' posthumous title was given by the court.

When the funeral law was first passed, there were only "justice" and "justice", and there was no "evil". The "posthumous title" of good and evil originated from the administration and selfishness of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Posthumous title's choice is based on "Kou Law", which stipulates some words with fixed meaning, which can be selected when determining posthumous title. These words can be roughly divided into the following categories:

Posthumous title's praise, such as "Wen", shows that he has the talent of "latitude and longitude" or the virtue of "broadmindedness and diligence"; "Kang" means "people are safe and happy"; "Ping" is "Bu Gang's plan".

I am referring to posthumous title's criticism, such as "Yang" refers to "inner courtesy", "Li" refers to "cruelty and slowness, no relatives", "indiscriminate killing", "famine" refers to "lazy politics", "internal and external chaos" and "seclusion" refers to "stubbornness"

Zhou Liwang was a greedy king, and his compatriots started a riot. He fled to Bi, died there, and was reprimanded by the "wicked" Li.

Most of them sympathize with posthumous title, such as: "I" means "worrying about the country" and "subjugating the country"; "Huai" means "kindness and short rest"

Self-immolation, this is the posthumous title agreed by relatives, students and ancient officials after the death of famous scholars and literati; "Smuggling" started at weekends and didn't become popular until the Han Dynasty.

Emblems, namely harem concubines, empress dowager, empress dowager, etc. This is the honorific title held by women with status in the court. Concubine emblem is generally less than two words, but there are still special cases. Empress Dowager and Empress Dowager are not necessarily the same. Usually, when there are festivals, the emperor will add new words to the original empress dowager and the empress dowager's emblem. For example, Xiao Zhuang, the founding queen of the Qing Dynasty, was recorded eight times by two emperors before her death. It is worth noting that when a woman becomes a queen, there will be no signs. Take Empress Dowager Cixi of Qing Dynasty as an example. When she first entered the palace, she was a noble person. Lan is her symbol, and the noble person in the palace is her. Later, my mother was promoted to Empress Dowager Cixi because of her precious son. She is called Empress Dowager Cixi, and she is a symbol. Empress Dowager Cixi is her position. After her death, she was called the filial piety queen. Filial piety is no longer the emblem, but posthumous title. In other words, when a woman enters the palace, if she is lucky enough to be a queen, empress dowager or even empress dowager, she will have a badge besides being a queen. By the way, no matter how high or low a harem woman is before her death, the highest position of the throne after her death is only for the queen.

In pre-Qin posthumous title, one word was commonly used, and there were also two or three words. Use one word, such as: Qin Mugong, Jin Wengong; Use two or three words, such as Wei, Cheng Xiao and Wei Wugong.

After Qin Shihuang unified China, he agreed to take the title of "Emperor" as the supreme ruler. At the same time, because the decision of "posthumous title" would lead to the situation that "the son discussed the father and the minister discussed the monarch", the Burial Law was abolished. Ying Zheng claimed to be the first emperor, with many descendants, such as II and III. At the same time, it is also the exact evidence that ancient people in China knew the infinite concept of mathematics.

In the Han dynasty, the law was restored, during which the legal system became more and more strict. The imperial court formally established the position of "Dahonglu" to manage the laws of princes and princes. After the Han Dynasty, posthumous title has two Chinese characters: Emperor Liu Heng "posthumous title", whose full name is Emperor Xiaowen, and Xiao He's title is Emperor.

The Tang Dynasty was a period of legal development. On the one hand, slanderers became a tool for feudal emperors to respect great events in order to satisfy vanity, and at the same time, they also became a means to control princes. Starting from Wu Zetian, she broke the old rules of the first, second and third words of Emperor posthumous title. When she became the Empress Dowager Cixi, she chased her husband Tang Gaozong Li Zhi as the "emperor" with four characters. After Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor, he pioneered the emperor's pursuit of four generations of ancestors, and even pioneered the emperor's superposition of honorifics before his death. Some emperors can worship several times when they are alive. For example, in the twenty-seventh year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, he was honored as "SHEN WOO, a literary student in Kaiyuan". The accumulation of honorifics also influenced the accumulation of posthumous title. Since Tang Gaozong, most emperors' posthumous title has more than four words.

The title of the queen is the national emblem. For example, Emperor Tongzhi of Qing Dynasty honored his mother Nora as the "Empress Dowager" and her emblem was "Cixi". Badges can also be accumulated in each celebration. Finally, Nora's emblem has as many as 16 words "Cixi Duan Youkang Zhao Yi prefers Zhuang xi 'an", while her posthumous title has 23 words "Qin Xiao Cixi Duan Youkang Zhao Yi prefers Zhuang Tianxingxian". Emperor Song of posthumous title, more beautiful than Tang Dynasty, also made a rule that future generations should give the word "Qiao" to ministers. It is worth mentioning that Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin attached importance to literature and suppressed martial arts. Therefore, posthumous title Song Minister was proud of the word "Wen". At the end of Song Dynasty, more than 40 people in posthumous title were literate, while only 20 people were martial.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the content of law was basically fixed. First of all, the number of posthumous title words of people at all levels is fixed.

In the Ming Dynasty, for example, "Emperor Stone" is 17, "Taizi Stone" is 1, and "Minister Stone" is 2.

The emperors of the Ming Dynasty, posthumous title, were Hongdao, Gaoming, Zhaoyun, Shen Gong, Wusheng, Chunren and Xiaowen.

The writings of emperors in the Qing Dynasty are 2 1 that is, 23 characters, the writings of Taizishuo are 1 characters, and the writings of ministers are 2 characters, such as

Posthumous title, Emperor Kangxi, was wise and polite, respected honesty and morality, and became Emperor Ren.

Emperor Xianfeng's posthumous title is: Xie Tianyiyun is a model of the emperor, Maode Town, Wu, Duan, kind and generous.

Emperor Qianlong's posthumous title is: Long Yun, the Emperor of Fatian, is immortal.

Posthumous title, the minister of the Qing Dynasty, stipulated that after the death of Yipin Minister, the emperor should be asked to decide whether to grant a title. The following officials will not be entrusted unless they have a special purpose. Only those who have been to the Imperial Academy or have been admitted to the University of posthumous title use the word "Wen". In posthumous title with the word "Wen", "Zheng Wen" is the rarest; It can only come from a special purpose and cannot be discussed by ministers; In the Qing Dynasty, only eight people were awarded the title of "Zheng Wen" for more than 200 years. The following posthumous title in Zheng Wen are: Wen Zhong, only about ten people won this posthumous title in Qing Dynasty; Followed by "Wen Xiang", Wengong and Wencheng.

Planning steering Committee

The first national title in the history of China was in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and the national title was "Jianyuan". The last emperor was only a few years old and had no title. According to records, in October of that year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty went out hunting and caught a unicorn-Bai Lin. Ministers think this is an auspicious relic and worth remembering. They suggested using it to record the year, so they named it Yuanshou and called that year the first year of Yuanshou. However, six years later, I got a tripod in Fenyang, Shanxi. Ministers thought it was an auspicious relic and suggested using it to determine the year, so they changed the name of this year to the first year of Dingyuan and called it the first year of 1600.

The theme is considered as a symbol of the orthodox imperial power, and it is called "Feng Zhengshuo". The use of the title of another regime by one regime is considered as one of the symbols of vassal status and submission. This phenomenon mainly occurred during the period of China's division. In 1950s, Fujian and Chu used the title of the later Tang Dynasty, wuyue used the title of the Tang Dynasty, the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty, the later Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, and Korea and Ryukyu also used the title of the Chinese emperor when they belonged to China. Take South Korea as an example. After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, all internal official documents, except those of the Qing Dynasty, refused to use the title of the Qing Dynasty and used the title of the main branch or king instead. As for those folks who still insist on using the year number of Chongzhen, even those who have been in Chongzhen for more than 300 years are very similar to those who have been using the year numbers of Ming and Zheng. Therefore, separatist forces, ethnic minority regimes and people's uprisings in many places often have their own records.

The usage of the title China is very complicated. Regimes that exist at the same time often have their own titles. There are also regimes that change yuan several times a year, and several titles overlap. There are also regimes that do not build their own country names, but use the country names of previous dynasties or other regimes. For example, in the late Jin Dynasty, the title of Tianfu took nine years and was changed to the first year of shipment. Three years later, Liu Zhiyuan proclaimed himself emperor in the later Han Dynasty. He did not build his own title or use the title of the ship, but succeeded to Tianfu for twelve years. There are also many year numbers that are used repeatedly in different periods. For example, Jianyuan took five periods. Due to taboo or other reasons, there are different ways to write a title, such as the title of Tang Longnian in Shang Dynasty, Tang Yuan, Tang An and Tang Xing.

Some appellations are composed of the first two appellations, such as Zhenyuan in Zhenguan Kaiyuan, Longxing with Stegosaurus in Shaoxing, Xichun in Chunhua Yongxi, Shao Xi with Xichun in Shaoxing, Qingyuan in Fariqing Yuan You, and Kathy who opened a treasure seal.

After the Revolution of 1911, the Republic of China abolished the practice of marking the year with the year number and changed it to the year number. Although Yuan Shikai used the title of "Hongxian" when he proclaimed himself emperor, Aisin Giorro Puyi used the titles of Datong and Kant when he was in power and Manchu emperor respectively, but it is usually not recognized by China orthodox history books, and the title of the last emperor of China is considered as "Xuan Tong" in the late Qing Dynasty.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the world-wide calendar was used.

Royal honorific

Honor is to respect the title of Empress Dowager Cixi. Originated in the Qin Dynasty. According to Hanshu, "ministers and others are willing to discuss with their doctors:' There were emperors, emperors, emperors, Tai Huang and Tai Huang were the most expensive'. Such as ignorance of death, the king is the language of Tai Huang ". There is a saying: your majesty's merits and deeds will not be declared in the future, and he will be honored by the emperor when he dies. "Again, the heir emperor addressed the former emperor as the emperor's father, and the former queen was addressed as the empress dowager, also called your address.

In the Tang dynasty, the emperor's honorific style prevailed, some were given before his death, and some were added after his death. There are two ways to add honorifics before death: one is to add honorifics when you are in office. For example, Wuhou is called "the Virgin Jade Emperor, the Emperor Gaozong and the Emperor Zhongzong". By the time of Xuanzong, it had become a system. Song Zuyu's "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" has a cloud: "The prosperity of your majesty was built on the occasion of Kaiyuan. Arrogance, I thought it was a story. " There is a saying in Ming Sanpin's A Record of the Emperor Gaozu: "After Yuan Zongkaiyuan, the Prime Minister led officials to respect titles, thinking it was a habit." Xuanzong was honored six times when he was alive. Born in the second year, the title was "Kaiyuan Wen Sheng SHEN WOO"; In the first year of Tianbao, it was added as "Kaiyuan Tianbao SHEN WOO"; Added as "Kaiyuan Tianbao Wen Sheng SHEN WOO". In the seventh year of Tianbao, it was added as "Kaiyuan Tianbao Wen Sheng SHEN WOO"; In the eighth year of Tianbao, it was increased to "Kaiyuan Tiandi Dabao SHEN WOO"; In the 12th year of Tianbao, it was added as "Filial Piety SHEN WOO". From the first four words to fourteen words. In addition, after the emperor abdicated, he also became the emperor, and the successor emperor gave him an honorary title. Here's another example of Xuanzong: In the first year, Su Zong was named "Emperor Tai and Emperor Tian" by Xuanzong. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty paid tribute to him many times. Lu Zhi commented on Tang Jian, "Although the courtiers are committed to a good name, they can increase their profits by one hundred, and they are still afraid of not telling." "Sun Fu" and "Textual Research on Ancient and Modern Events" Yi Yun: "In ancient times, emperors called themselves emperors, which was also called their virtue. No matter what Qin De called him, he was extremely self-respecting, so he was called the emperor, but there was no honorific title. Gaozu and Taizong have their own merits, and there is no honorific title. The emperor came to see the marquis of Wu and said that his last wish was arrogance. Ming Chengzu succeeded to the throne by virtue, and the good and evil things of his ancestors were well known. Why did he forget the virtues of Gaozu and Taizong, and attack the hollow names of Gaozong and Zhongzong? Protecting courtiers, not keeping righteousness, meets your fault. "

After the death of the plus sign, for example, after the death of Xuanzong, Su Zong was honored as "the most holy, the emperor of Daming and the emperor of filial piety" in the second year of Shang and Yuan Dynasties. This is because Xuanzong was also called Ming Di. After the death of Emperor Taizong, he was repeatedly influenced by posthumous title. For example, in the ninth year of Zhenguan, Gao Zu Li Yuan was honored as the "Great Emperor Wu" by ministers. In the first year of Emperor Gaozong, the country name was changed to "Shen Yao"; In the 13th year of Tianbao of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, the title of "Emperor Yao, Great Sage, Great and Small Light" ranked third. Emperor Taizong died in the twenty-third year of Zhenguan, and his official title was "Wendi". In the first year of Emperor Gaozong, Wu Wen was honored as emperor, and in the thirteenth year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, the Great Sage of Wu Wen was named the third.

Since the Tang Dynasty, the honorific titles of emperors have increased. When Xuanzong was in power, his honorific title was already eighteen characters, that is, the emperor "Sheng Yuan to Ming Chengwu, Wen Zhi, Zhang Ren, Shen Yi Cong, Dao Da Xiao"; Song Shenzong's honorifics are two crosses, namely, "the emperor who revealed himself, the emperor of ancient sages, the virtue of Wang Gong, the martial arts of Wu Meng, and the filial piety of Qin Ren"; Ming Taizu is honored as "heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth. Heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, heaven and earth, it is not difficult to see. The long string behind is posthumous title. Electromagnetic pulse (electromagnetic pulse)