What are the educational ideas of ancient China? How to inherit its positive factors and play its modern value?

1, the task of the teacher

Han Yu said, "Ancient scholars must have a teacher. Teachers, so preaching, receiving, and solving puzzles also." The so-called "preaching" refers to Confucianism, Confucianism's Taoism, Confucianism's way to cultivate oneself, Qi family, rule the country, the world; the so-called receiving karma, that is, teaching, refers to the teaching of ancient texts and Confucian classics, so that the students mastered a certain amount of ancient literature, with a certain degree of literacy, by the education of cultural knowledge skills; the so-called puzzles, refers to the teacher in the process of teaching and learning, and constantly answer the doubts of the students in the "Tao" and "karma". He believes that these three are the basic tasks of teachers; and these three tasks are closely interrelated. Preaching is the first and teaching is the second. The Way is the dominant aspect, and karma is the subordinate aspect. Tao is the dominant aspect and karma is the subordinate aspect. In his view, the teacher's task is to preach the Way, and the ancient texts and the Six Classics are only tools for carrying the Way; teaching is for the service of preaching the Way, and preaching the Way is accomplished through teaching. He thought that if the teacher only "learns to read" without preaching, it is "elementary school and big loss", that is, because of "small" and lose "big", forgetting his fundamental task. Obviously, Han Yu emphasized the importance of teachers for the protection of the Way, and stressed that the basic task of teachers was to restore the tradition of Confucianism and the Way. However, it is still meaningful for him to analyze the teacher's task in this way. The order of "preaching" as the first task, "teaching" as the second task, and "solving puzzles" as the rightful place is also very clear. Here not only contains in the preaching, teaching, solve the confusion of the whole teaching process, the teacher should play a leading role in the meaning, but also contains from the moral education in the intellectual education, moral education through the intellectual education of the idea.

2, the teacher's standards

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Han Yu believes that: "born before me, its heard the way, solid first to me, I thus the teacher; born after me, its heard the way, also first to me, I thus the teacher. My teacher of the road, the man who knows the succession of years born in me? Therefore, there is no noble, no lowly, no long, no young, the existence of the Road, the teacher of the existence of the same." It means that no matter whether the social status is high or low, no matter whether the age is long or young, who has mastered the Tao, who is the teacher. If a teacher does not have the Tao, then he or she is not a teacher. When students "follow the teacher", they are learning the Way from the teacher. To be a teacher, one must be faithful to the Way, and must preach and defend the Way; and preaching the Way is realized through teaching. Therefore, the standard for measuring teachers is firstly "Dao", and secondly "Karma". Anyone who possesses the "Way" and the "Karma" can be a teacher. Teachers should strengthen their cultivation in both "Dao" and "Karma". This view of his is also meaningful.

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3. Teacher-Student Relationship

Since he took "Tao" and "Karma" as the standard to measure the teacher, he believed that whoever is worthy of Tao first and whoever is learned is the teacher, i.e., "The disciple need not be inferior to the teacher, and the teacher need not be more virtuous than the disciple; there is a sequence of the hearing of the Tao, and there is a specialization of the arts and trades, and this is all." Because of the different attainments in a certain aspect of the Tao, and because of the different specializations in a certain aspect of the profession, students may not necessarily be inferior to teachers, and teachers may not necessarily be superior to students in every respect. His idea is very profound, not only explains the teacher is not necessarily the almighty, not necessarily the perfect person, which broke the blind superstition of teachers, lifted the "disciple must be better than the teacher, the teacher must be more virtuous than the disciple" of the old concept; and also reflects the hearing of the "way" in the first to "first awareness of the consciousness after the awareness", attacking the "industry" to "know" to "know" to teach "don't know. The objective law of this teaching process.

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Han Yu also emphasized that "saints do not always teacher", "not ashamed of the teacher," the reasoning, he quoted Confucius worship Tantanzi (please teach the name of the official), carambola (please teach the music), Shixiang (please teach the qin), Laozi (please teach the rituals) as a teacher as an example, to advocate that people should be to the moral character of the noble and learned to learn from the people who have the expertise to advocate each other as a teacher who is better than their own in a certain area will be worshiped for his teacher. Here both the ability of the teacher" point of view, but also "teaching for the long term" meaning. His idea is conducive to expanding the source of teachers, and is conducive to promoting the development of culture and education.

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In short, Han Yu, in his exposition of the tasks of teachers, the standards of teachers, and the relationship between teachers and students, saw the contradictory and unifying relationship between the Way and the teacher, between the Way and the profession, and between the teacher and the student, and included the element of simple dialectics. He suggests that teachers should be faithful to their ideals and spread the truth, but also be learned and conscientious in their teaching. He implied that teachers should not only play a leading role, but also emphasize the importance of teaching and learning and the ability to teach. These remarkable insights not only greatly enriched China's ancient education theory, but also have certain reference value and inspiration for us today to correctly understand the duties of teachers, correctly deal with the relationship between politics and business, moral and intellectual education, teaching and educating, teachers and students.

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Thoughts on Identifying and Cultivating Talents

Han Yu believed that talents are always available, but the key lies in whether they can be identified and supported. In his article Miscellanea IV - Speaking of Horses, he demonstrated the importance of recognizing talents with the reasoning of horse-recognition. He said: "There is Bole in the world, and then there is a thousand li horse. Thousand-mile horses are often found, but Bole is not often found." This shows that it is rare to find someone who can recognize a horse. It is only when there is a person who knows the horse that a thousand-lien horse can be found. If you don't recognize a horse, even if you have a thousand-lien horse, it will be buried." Although there are famous horses, they are not called "Qianli". Since we do not know horses, we cannot breed them." Although the horse also has dry miles of energy", but the treatment is unfair, can not meet its minimum requirements of life, and therefore can not play its ability, "food is not enough, not enough power, material beauty is not seen outside", to be the same as the normal horse is still difficult to do, how to ask it to be able to travel thousands of miles? He laughed at the kind of people who do not know the talent, "the strategy is not in its way, the food can not be full of its material, the sound (which) and can not understand its meaning", driving, feeding are not the law, listening to the horse can not understand its will, the opposite of "the day of the executive policy and Pro, 'the world has no horse! Showing the ignorance of those who do not know the horse, familiar with the blind and proud of the demeanor." Is there really no horse? He really doesn't know about horses." It is not that there are no good horses in the world, but that those who know horses "do not always exist". He believes that only through good identification and proper cultivation will talents emerge in abundance.

Han Yu's idea of identifying talents and cultivating and utilizing them is a new development of Confucius' idea of "raising the virtuous" and Lizi's idea of "promoting the virtuous", and a powerful criticism of the feudal aristocracy's corrupt idea of selecting and employing people only for the sake of the nobility and for the sake of the relatives. Feudal society, the ruling class waste of talent, destruction and trampling of talent is very serious. Han Yu four tests in the Ministry of Rites, three tests in the Ministry of Appointments, ten years of cloth, his talent high by the aggrieved, and a few relegation, for the problem of talent is to have its true feelings. He said, "All things must not be leveled, and then the sound of eight" said the horse "is that he combined with his own early encounter with the uninspired and for the majority of the middle and lower intellectuals and all talented people to make" the sound of inequality ". This is also valuable in the history of ancient Chinese educational thought.

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Guan Gan teaching and learning ideas

1, academic excellence lies in diligence

Han Yu in the (into the learning of the understanding of) said: "industry in the diligence, wasted in the play; line into the thought, destroyed with". Meaning that the academic excellence lies in diligence and hard work, the academic waste lies in the playfulness; the success of human behavior lies in thoughtfulness, and the failure of destruction lies in the follow the meticulous.

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What he called "diligent", manifested in the mouth diligence (more chanting), hand diligence (more reading), brain diligence (more thinking, more experience), day and night to learn. He said: "the mouth does not stop chanting in the six arts of the text, the hand does not stop Phi hundred compilations", "burning oil to sundial, constant Wood to poor years. Not endless recitation of the Baijia six classic articles, without stopping the hands of the Zhusi Baijia Zhuanji, burning lamps to continue the daylight, diligently to learn, long years of unremitting. This is his summary of the experience of his predecessors, but also the crystallization of his own many years of valuable experience in learning and teaching.

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2. Seek refinement on the basis of erudition

Han Yu realized the dialectical relationship between erudition and refinement in his teaching practice. Bo and Jing are the unity of opposites, without Bo, there can be no Jing; without Jing, Bo is just a kind of hodgepodge. On the one hand, Han Yu emphasized erudition, put forward "greed for more and more, fine and large donations", "all collected and auspicious, to be used without any exclusion". He pursued without satisfaction, and tried to gain something, not sparing the major and minor, and not omitting anything to be used. On the other hand, Han Yu also asked for conciseness, proposing "to mention the essentials" and "to hook its mystery". That is to say, when teaching, we should put forward the outline, so that students can grasp the main points, and guide students to explore the subtleties, to integrate, and to understand the spirit of the essence.

Han Yu also proposed that teaching should pay attention to the systematic, he opposed to "learning hard but not language (by) its unity, although many words but do not want to which". The so-called "not by its unity", that is, not by the systematic aspects of the start, do not understand the beginning and the end, just grasp some fragmented knowledge, such knowledge is of little use. The so-called "do not which big means that although more, but can not seize the key to the problem, not to the point, so that the teaching of the students is also not beneficial. To pay attention to the systematic, but also to speak out the key points, which requires teachers to study the material in depth. He proposed "immersed in the rich, Ying mastication", in-depth study and immersed in the canonical books in a thick very eat rich aroma, chewing and savoring the essence of it. This can improve the quality of teaching, and achieve good teaching results.

3, combining learning and originality

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Han Yu believes that "the teacher of the ancient sages", "the teacher's intention is not the teacher's words". Taking the ancients as ...

Han Yu believed that "the teacher of the ancient sages" should be "the teacher's intention not the teacher's words".