The concoction process and principle of Zebra Mussel.

The traditional concocting method of Zebra Mussel is to remove the head, feet, and wings, and use the dried body of the insect, which is stir-fried with rice internally and then put into medicine. Existing concoctions are rice fried, bran fried, baked, water system, wine system, oil scorching, one side of the wrap and so on. Another new method of alkaline system.

① rice fried: take 50g of Zebu, remove the head, feet, wings, take 2 two rice, wet, flat against the bottom of the pot, medium heat until white smoke poured into the drug, fried for 5 minutes, the temperature on the rice up to 110 ℃, 7 minutes after the rice was brownish-yellow, take out, remove the rice, and let it cool.

② Bran fried: take 50g of Zebu, remove the head, feet, wings, the bran 2 two in the pot, medium heat stir fry until white smoke and then pour the drug, stir fry for 3 minutes, the temperature in the bran reached 110 ℃, stir fry for 7 minutes out of the pot, remove the bran, let cool.

③ Baking: take the net selection of spotted fibers placed in the sand below, put grass paper on the porcelain plate, in the 110 ℃ constant temperature drying oven baked 26 ~ 30min, take out and cool, 1.10 ~ 1.15%.

④ alkaline system: take the net selection of Zebu, add 6 times the amount of 0.75% NaOH aqueous solution, 50 ° C ~ 60 ° C impregnation for 6 hours, 74.08%, remove and dry.

And: take the net selection of spotted fibers, add 6 times the amount of 1.0% NaOH aqueous solution, 70 ℃ ~ 80 ℃, impregnated for 12 hours, remove and dry, conversion rate of 76.04%

⑤ face wrapped in oil scorching:

Take the similar sized spotted fibers, put them into the pre-adjusted batter, so that its appearance is sticky with the batter, remove it, and dry it. If necessary, you can repeat the package, so that all the insect body is wrapped in batter to the degree. When the oil boils, the noodles wrapped in spotted fibers into, constantly turning, to keep the fire slightly boiling, sizzling until the noodles wrapped layer yellowish, from the funnel up, drain the oil.

Modern research

1. The effect of different concoctions on the content of Zanthoxanthin

80 ℃ baking Zanthoxanthin for 1 hour, Zanthoxanthin can be subjected to loss. However, the content of zebra mussel in intact zebra mussel and powdered zebra mussel was similar under this condition. The same as in 110 ℃ electric heating box baking 60min than baking 30min of zebrawood in the rice mixing and frying method. Due to the rice smoke on the body color of the zebra mussel fumigation interference, affecting the correct observation of the rice color, uneven heat and shorter heat, and thus the loss of zebra mussel only 7.4%, and stir-frying to charred brownish-black (pot temperature of 150 ~ 170 ℃) zebra mussel loss of up to 85.6% of the loss rate is the largest, and thus this method is not appropriate.

2. Comparison and discussion of concoctions

The amount of zebra contractin contained in the head, foot and wings of Zebra contractin is extremely small, only 2-2.5% of the content of all the zebra contractin [5]. However, there is a certain impediment to the extraction and leaching of zebra mussel, such as increasing the amount of leaching solvent in the extraction process can be excluded from this interference, can be considered not to go to the head, foot and wings.

(1) The temperature of the auxiliary material rice fried is to reach 110 ℃ above 2 minutes, bran fried for 4 minutes. So bran frying zebranin content is slightly lower, from the point of view of reducing toxicity is good, but also can save food, so it is feasible. The rice and bran after shelling are toxic and should be disposed of in a deep grave.

(2) rice frying and baking can significantly reduce the content of zebra mussel, 110 ℃ baked 26 ~ 30min after zebra mussel content and rice fried products with little difference. Zebranin is known as an effective and toxic anticancer ingredient, can be sublimated at 110 ℃ [1, 3], the traditional processing of rice frying, the main volatilization of zebranin to reduce the amount of toxicity, baking method up to the same purpose. Therefore, the baking method can completely replace the rice frying. In addition, the formic acid contained in Zanthoxylum is a toxic substance, which itself has strong irritation, can corrode the skin, causing inflammation, skin burns, etc.; internal overdose, but also cause damage to internal organs [6]. Formic acid boiling point of 100.7 ℃, at a constant temperature of 110 ℃ is more volatile, so the rice frying, baking can significantly reduce its content, which is another new experimental theoretical basis for Zanthoxylum heated concoction to reduce the toxicity.

(3) Compared with the traditional rice-frying method, the oil-roasting method makes the insect body more uniform in the process of concocting, and effectively overcomes the phenomenon of localized charring of the insect body in the process of concocting. In the process of swallowing by patients, it avoids the direct contact of the worm body with the esophageal mucosa, overcomes the irritation to the esophageal mucosa, and ensures the safety of drug taking. Among the three methods of rice-frying, oil-roasting and oil-roasting, the oil-roasting method lost the most zebranin and the oil-roasting method lost the least amount of zebranin, which relatively improved the therapeutic effect.

3. Pharmacological effects of different concocted products

The zebra contraction in Zebra contraction is mainly concentrated in the abdomen of the insect body[2,4], so the content of Zebra contraction is relatively higher after removing the head, foot and wings, and the toxicity and anticancer effects are enhanced.

The acute toxicity of Zanthoxylum was significantly reduced after concocting (rice frying and baking), and the LD50 value in mice was changed from 230.66 mg/kg to 346.74 mg/kg and 338.84 mg/kg respectively, and the nephrotoxicity of Zanthoxylum in rats was also reduced after concocting[9].

The acute toxicity test also showed that the alkali-treated zebrano[7] was less toxic than the rice-fried one, while in the subacute toxicity, there was little difference between the two. The alkali treated group was slightly less severe in appearance and tissue damage and produced fewer cases of lesions compared to the rice fried group. It is again proved that the hydrolysis of the lactone ring of Zebra mussel by sodium hydroxide resulted in less toxicity and reduced side effects. It also shows that the conversion of Zanthoxylum into sodium zanthate directly in the insect body under appropriate conditions can maximize the retention of anticancer components, which is similar to the effect of structural conversion of extracted monomers, and achieves the concoction purpose of reducing toxicity and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Both the raw and the concocted products of Zanthoxylum showed certain anticancer activity, and the higher the content, the stronger the effect. Since both raw and rice-fried products contain Zanthoxanthin, especially the higher content of those rice-fried after removing the head and foot wings, in the in vivo antitumor experiment, the animals could not show anticancer activity due to poisoning; while the alkali-treated products with the same dosage (removing the head and foot wings group) showed stronger anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo due to the expansion of the safety range of the toxicity reduction. It indicates that the alkali treatment of Banjar is not only less toxic, but also the anticancer activity is further improved. Thus, it shows the feasibility of using low concentration of NaOH liquid as a concoction auxiliary [7].

4. Studies on trace elements in different parts

Comparing the head and foot wings of Zebra mussel with those of the non-removed ones, the contents of Ca, Mg, Zn, P and Cu were higher than those of the whole insect, and the contents of Fe and Pb were lower; there was a slight difference between the contents of Al and Mn; and there was no abnormality in the contents of Cr, Cd, and Sr, which were all low. The cephalopods and wings were lower in Fe and Pb than the whole insects, and the Cr and Cd contents of both were also low, which was beneficial to tumor patients. The cephalopods were also used when the patients had cancer due to the high content of Fe, Pb, Cd and Cr. In Mg, Zn, Cn and other anticancer ingredients, the content of those who go to the head and foot wings is higher than those who don't go, and the content of the head and wings is lower than those who don't go, and the harmful element Pb is lower than those who don't go, and the wings and feet are lower than those who don't go, and from this point of view, it shows that there is some scientific justification for the removal of the head and foot wings in the traditional concoction net selection. Especially when the patients lack of Mg, Zn, Cu and other elements of cancer, the application of the removal of the head and foot of the zebra fiber treatment has a dual role in supporting the positive and anticancer.