Interpretation of Confucius, what is the essence of Confucianism?

The core of Confucianism: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faith, forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety and sadness.

Benevolence:

Benevolence: Love. The theoretical core of Confucius' ideological system. It is the highest ideal and standard of Confucius' social politics, ethics and morality, and also reflects his philosophical views, which has a far-reaching impact on later generations. Benevolence is embodied in educational thought and practice, that is, "education has no class"

In the Spring and Autumn Period, learning was in official school, and Confucius began to learn privately. Disciples can come to be taught, regardless of their origins. Benevolence is embodied in politics by emphasizing "virtue and metallurgy", and the basic spiritual essence of virtue and metallurgy is to love and give alms to the masses.

Confucius introduced benevolence into ritual, and changed the traditional "rule by courtesy" into "rule by virtue". He does not deny "rule by courtesy", but his "rule by virtue" is undoubtedly the inheritance and transformation of "rule by courtesy". Love is the essence and basic content of benevolence, and this kind of love is pushing yourself and others, from kissing to being popular.

Meaning:

Meaning: the original meaning is "ceremony", that is, the behavior is suitable for "ceremony". Confucius regards "righteousness" as a moral principle to judge people's thoughts and behaviors.

Ceremony:

Rite: the political and ethical category of Confucius and Confucianism. In the long-term historical development, "Li", as the moral norm and life norm of China feudal society, has played an important role in cultivating the spiritual quality of the Chinese nation. However, with the reform and development of society, especially in the late feudal society, it has increasingly become a rope that binds people's thoughts and behaviors and affects the progress and development of society.

Wisdom:

Wisdom: the same as "knowledge", the basic category of Confucius' epistemology and ethics. Refers to knowing, understanding, opinions, knowledge, intelligence, wisdom, etc. The connotation mainly involves the nature, source, content and function of knowledge. Regarding the nature of knowledge, Confucius thinks that knowledge is a moral category and a knowledge about human behavior norms.

Letters:

Faith: refers to the attitude of being honest and not deceiving, and being consistent in words and deeds. As one of the "five permanents" of Confucianism. Confucius regards "faith" as an important embodiment of "benevolence", and "benevolence" is an essential virtue of sages. Anyone who is true and credible in words and actions can gain the trust of others, those in power will keep their promises, and the people will treat each other with true feelings and will not bully the weak and fear the hard.

Forgive:

Forgive: Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you, that is, forgive and tolerate.

loyal

Loyalty: I want to stand up, stand up, and I want to achieve it. Confucius believes that loyalty is manifested in loyalty and honesty in dealing with people.

Filial piety/mourning

Filial piety: Confucius believes that filial piety is the foundation of benevolence. Filial piety is not limited to supporting parents, but should focus on respecting parents and elders. It is considered that without filial piety, supporting parents will be regarded as raising dogs, which is a big violation and unfilial. Confucius also believes that parents may be at fault, and children should politely persuade and try to correct them, rather than obey their parents absolutely.

These thoughts are the embodiment of China's ancient moral civilization. However, when Confucius talked about filial piety, he also said that "parents are here and don't travel far" and "it is filial piety if you don't change your father's way for three years", which shows the limitations of his time.

Filial piety was defined as a complex ceremony by later Confucianism. It is stipulated in the Book of Rites that after the death of parents, "water slurry is not allowed to enter, and fire does not rise for three days", "crying countless times" and even "dying of illness" have become self-destruction of spirit and body.

During the Song and Ming Dynasties, filial piety was regarded as one of the most important categories in moral theory, and philosopher Zhu advocated the absoluteness of patriarchy. In the evolution of different historical periods, the concept of filial piety has some reasonable factors besides advocating feudalism. It advocates children's "respect", "respect" and "support for the elderly" for their fathers, combines filial piety with loyalty to the country's righteousness, and advocates thin burial and frugality after death.

Cloud:

Praise: refers to feelings for my brother. Confucius attached great importance to filial piety. According to his thoughts, his disciples called filial piety and filial piety "the foundation of benevolence".

Extended data

Confucius takes "benevolence" as the core of his thought, which means "love". Put forward the arguments of "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "stand if you want, and reach if you want", advocate the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and think that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be based on "courtesy": "self-denial, courtesy is benevolence".

He is skeptical about the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and thinks that "you can't be a ghost if you don't know his life" and "you can't be a gentleman if you don't know his life". It also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the viewpoints of "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "reviewing the old and learning the new".

Advocate the atmosphere of teaching in private schools, advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teach without distinction", "never tire of learning, never tire of teaching", and emphasize that "a gentleman learns to love others, while a villain learns to learn easily". Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", thinking that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name, and put forward the viewpoint of "not suffering from inequality, not suffering from poverty, but suffering from worry".

Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with great influence. ?

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Confucianism