What is Jiading Santu?

Category: Society/Culture >> Historical Topics

Analysis:

The "Ten Days in Yangzhou" and the "Three Massacres in Jiading" have always been listed as the two major atrocities after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. The disaster and humiliation of the Han nation have been long remembered in people's hearts. Because Wang Xiuchu's "Ten Diaries of Yangzhou" has been widely circulated, people know a little more about it and talk about it a lot. It is relatively vague and ambiguous.

Of course, there are actual records left by later generations about the "Three Massacres in Jiading", but they are not very familiar to everyone. In addition to historical factors, there is another factor. The important reason is that the "Ten Days in Yangzhou" was committed by the Manchus (although most of them were Japanese), while the "Three Massacres in Jiading" were committed by Li Chengdong's tribe. They were committed by "puppet troops" from beginning to end. Li Chengdong's crime was that he rebelled against the Qing Dynasty after surrendering to the Qing Dynasty, rebelled against the Hongguang Dynasty and then defected to the Yongli Dynasty. He was a "traitor" and became a "righteous man", so he was forgiven generously by people at that time and even later ("put the overall situation first"). "Well, haha, in comparison, how much is a human life worth?)

When it comes to the "Three Massacres in Jiading", we need to start with the "Hair-Shaving Order".

The Qing Dynasty was quite cautious about allowing the emperor to have his head shaved. After the Hongguang Dynasty surrendered and Prince Duduo of Yu entered Nanjing, he made this announcement: "The matter of head shaving has become a custom in this dynasty. Now when the army arrives, it is necessary to shave off the military but not the civil service, and to shave off the troops but not the people. You must not be punished by the law and you can shave it off on your own. There was an official who had shaved his head first and asked to see him, and his country had already reviled him. Special instructions. "("Southern Strategy of the Ming Dynasty"), however, this policy changed 180 degrees soon after. There are two reasons for this: First, the political situation made unexpected rapid progress, and half of the south of the Yangtze River surrendered. Except for the southeast and southwest, the Manchu and Qing Dynasties basically After controlling the entire Central Plains, the pacification strategy has achieved its goal; secondly, with the help of Japanese officials, some officials who had already surrendered were unwilling to be left alone even though they had changed their masters. They either shaved their heads voluntarily to show their loyalty, or submitted letters It was suggested that people should be flattered to gain recognition. The Manchus felt that the time was ripe to legitimately take over China, and their doubts were eliminated. In June of the same year, Dorgon issued a severe head-shaving order of "leave the hair but not the head", saying: " Those who obey are the citizens of our country, and those who hesitate will turn against the bandits and will be punished with serious crimes."

Shaving one's hair was psychologically unbearable for the Communists at that time. "The hair on the body and skin "Taught by parents, they must not be harmed." This has been an ethical concept for thousands of years and is also a deep-rooted way of thinking. Shaving one's head is not only against tradition, but also an insult. Therefore, this policy has not only been criticized by traditional intellectuals , also angered the lower class people, so Jiangnan, which had been gradually calming down, became turbulent again.

Like many towns in Jiangnan at that time, after Nanjing surrendered, Jiading also "laid colorful decorations on the road and went out of the city to welcome it. The four characters "Qing Shunmin" written on yellow paper were posted on the door, and the official seals were screwed and registered in the county. On June 24, Yiyou year, riots occurred in various places. Local officials and people rose up in rebellion. Military officer Wu Zhikui responded, driving away the county magistrate sent by the Qing Dynasty and occupying the city. At that time, Li Chengdong was chasing the remnants of the Ming army who occupied Chongming. After hearing the news, he returned from Wusong to suppress it, and the first massacre in Jiading began.

On the first day of July, the two armies fought, because Wu Zhikui's regular army had defected to Chongming. Although the local "rural army" killed hundreds of thousands of people, they were all civilians and bustling with people. , crowded and jammed, a mob with no discipline, let alone organization and combat effectiveness. Although Li Chengdong only had less than 5,000 troops, they were all well-equipped and well-trained soldiers. That is, they ran around, trampled on each other, were beaten to pieces, and returned in defeat. Li Chengdong used cannons to attack the city. "It shook the whole night, the ground cracked and the sky collapsed, and lead shards from the cannons fell on the houses in the city, rustling like rain." When the city of Jiading was broken, Li Chengdong ordered the massacre of the city and let his subordinates loot and massacre. Zhu Zisu's notes "Jiading Yiyou Chronicle" recorded that "whenever the soldiers met someone, they would call the barbarians to offer treasures. They would take them and wrap them around their waists to offer them, and they would be satisfied." release. When you encounter other soldiers, take them as before. He didn't offer much, so he cut him three times. When everything is gone, kill them. Therefore, there are zombies all over the road, all with scars all over their bodies. This repeated slashing cannot be caused by just one person. "The massacre lasted for a day, and about 30,000 people were killed. "From Xiguan to Gelong Town, the river was full of floating corpses, and there was no place for boats to launch their poles." ("Jiading Yiyou Chronicles", the same below). Li Chengdong "detained civilian boats, "More than three hundred boats loaded with gold, silk, children, cattle, horses and sheep, etc." left fully loaded.

The horror of the killings did not frighten the people. As soon as Li Chengdong left, the fleeing people gathered again. An anti-Qing righteous man named Zhu Ying led 50 people into the city, gathered the people, and once again took control of Jiading. "The rural soldiers gathered again and killed those who had their heads shaved. They burned and looted along the way, and there was smoke everywhere. Hear the wind from far and near, and it will protect your hair and strengthen it. "Li Chengdong sent his troops to suppress Xu Yuanji. Because Jiading residents heard the news and fled, this time the target was mainly the suburbs. "Within dozens of miles, all vegetation was destroyed. At that time, there was no owner in the city, and corpses were piled up in mounds... There was no smoke left from people's cooking. "Especially in the towns of Waigang and Gelong, they were almost burned to death because they organized rural soldiers to resist. This was the second massacre in Jiading.

The aftermath of the resistance continues.