What are the lacquerware crafts?

Abstract: Lacquerware craft is the product of the combination of ancient traditional culture and modern culture in China. Daily utensils, handicrafts and works of art painted on the surfaces of various utensils are not only radiant, but also have special collection significance. What are the lacquerware crafts? China's top ten lacquerware crafts mainly include Beijing cloisonne, Jiangxi Jingdezhen porcelain, Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware and Yangzhou lacquerware. I. China Top Ten Ceramic Crafts Beijing Cloisonne Features: Cloisonne is a ceramic handicraft, which is made of red copper as raw material, kneaded into various patterns with fine gold wire or copper wire, and filled with enamel glaze, with dignified and heavy shape, bright color contrast, crystal clear as a gem and deep color glaze. In ancient times, it was the treasure of the palace town hall. Classification (works): Cloisonne enamel, painting enamel, transparent enamel, hammer enamel and enamel Jingdezhen porcelain features: Jingdezhen porcelain has beautiful shape, various varieties, rich decorative patterns and unique style. Especially "bone China" is the most famous. Bone China has its own unique style and characteristics, such as white as jade, bright as a mirror, thin as paper and sound like stone. Classification (works): Blue and white porcelain, glazed porcelain, exquisite porcelain, pastel porcelain Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware features: bright and beautiful, not afraid of water immersion, no deformation, no fading, strong, temperature-resistant, acid-base corrosion-resistant. Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware is characterized by lightness. Unique shape, rich and varied decorative techniques, bright and harmonious colors and extraordinary artistic charm. Classification (works): large vases, large screens, lacquer paintings, tea sets, coffee sets, stationery and tableware Yangzhou lacquerware features: Yangzhou lacquerware has the artistic characteristics of exquisite craftsmanship, beautiful and exquisite shape, rich and elegant pictures, exquisite and beautiful, full and unrestrained. Yangzhou lacquerware is good at spotting snails, carving lacquers, grinding mother-of-pearl, setting bones and stones, carving lacquers, etc. Technical classification (works): Ding, seven boxes, bowls, plates, pots, spoons, ear cups, boxes, pillows and other Pingyao push-gloss lacquerware features: Pingyao push-gloss lacquerware is made, which can be divided into wooden tires and gray tires. Named after the palm pushes out luster. It has the characteristics of fine structure, smooth paint surface, rich color, moisture-proof and heat-proof. Classification (works): high-grade screens, hanging screens, TV cabinets, large and small wardrobes, corner cabinets, wine cabinets, display cabinets and jewelry boxes. Features: It belongs to a low-temperature glazed pottery produced in the Tang Dynasty, and its glaze colors are yellow, green, white, brown, blue and black. Gorgeous artistic effects are perfectly displayed and vividly displayed on the figurines with exquisite sculptures and vivid shapes. Classification (works): bottles, cans, jars, _, cups, _, bowls, figurines and animal figurines. Gansu Tianshui lacquerware features: Tianshui lacquerware, the industry uses the word "many works and precious materials" to summarize its characteristics. Complex work refers to complex technology and numerous procedures. Precious materials mean that Tianshui carved lacquer products are all made of precious natural materials. Exquisite craftsmanship, diverse styles and meticulous Qi Diao. Works (classification): vases, plates, boxes, smoking sets, tea sets, cabinets, screens, sofa tables, and Boyang bodiless lacquerware Features: The bodiless method of Boyang cloth tire lacquerware is more advanced: the rosin is carved into a male mold, or the rosin is melted and poured into the male mold in the female mold, and it is mounted with lacquer cloth to form a tire. After the tire is formed, rosin is rolled once, and the cloth tire is seamless. Works (classification): Jiangnan April, outing, Jiang Kui, fishing eagle, lacquerware calligraphy and painting, screen, utensils Yichun bodiless lacquerware features: Yichun bodiless lacquerware is made by hand, and it can only be made through dozens of processes such as modeling, mounting, paint mixing, bodiless painting, polishing and decoration. The production of bodiless lacquerware has its own unique style. Works (classification): Pen container, fruit box, vase, cigarette case, tea can, walking stick, rice bowl, soap box and inkpad box Chengdu lacquerware features: Chengdu lacquerware is made of natural raw lacquer and solid wood, with no matrix and exquisite craftsmanship. It is famous for its exquisiteness, elegance, delicate luster and gorgeous colors. Can be hung high above the temples as daily necessities. Works (classification): boxes, wicks, plates, ear cups, plates, jars, boxes, vases, screens, seat screens and hanging screens. 2. The main lacquer craft in China originally refers to gold decorative lacquerware, and later refers to gold covered lacquerware, decorative lacquerware and gold lacquerware. The method of painting gold paint is to draw a pattern with gold glue first, and then paste gold foil or gold powder when it is not completely dry. Qi Diao is a technique of painting a tire with a certain thickness of natural paint, and then carving patterns on the piled flat painted tire with a knife. Qi Diao is as famous as cloisonne, tooth carving and jade carving, and is known as one of the "Four Famous Crafts" in Beijing. Electric mule lacquered snail is a decorative craft, which uses colored shellfish as materials, such as pearl oyster, luminous snail, concha Haliotidis and so on. , and made into extremely fine patterns, embedded in the paint. Because the materials used in point snails are generally thin and soft, they are also called "thin mother of pearl" and "soft mother of pearl". Mu Tong lacquerware is a decorative article with strong craftsmanship. It is based on Mu Tong, coated with enamel, and made according to traditional folk techniques. Its characteristics are: no deformation, no cracking, acid and alkali resistance, corrosion resistance and high heat resistance. Carving lacquer and embedding jade in this process, dozens to hundreds of layers of lacquer are coated on the manufactured objects, and then various patterns and brocade patterns are carved, and dozens of high-grade materials such as jadeite, agate, bluestone, white jade, coral, jasper, pearl-shell and ivory are selected to form a gorgeous and ingenious picture, which is magnificent and will never change color. Qi Diao used various tools to carve various patterns on the made lacquer blank, and filled in colors, gilded and sprinkled snail slices according to the requirements of the picture to make the lines smooth. Vivid image, uniform color and grandeur are the main artistic styles of this craft. Bone-stone Mosaic This decorative technology uses ivory, ox bone, mica, pearl-shell, concha Haliotidis, Shoushan stone, Qingtian stone and other materials, and uses techniques such as relief, round carving, hollowing out, mosaic, inlay and gold painting, which are rich in color, exquisite in carving, strong in three-dimensional sense and natural and vivid. The process of snail grinding requires the selection of high-quality materials, such as mother-of-pearl, mica and concha Haliotidis. , polished into thin slices, cut into various pieces and embedded in the lacquer blanks of various utensils. After exquisite painting process, the product will be as bright as a mirror, black and white, elegant and clean. The performance of color painting includes the depiction of door gods and the depiction of beams and arches. In the choice of pigment, natural plants or mineral raw materials must be selected for carving and filling process, so the color is naturally moist and will not fade for a long time. Lacquer painting draws lessons from traditional lacquer techniques and integrates modern painting techniques. The organic combination of "painting" and "grinding" makes the produced painting have the characteristics of clear and deep tone, strong three-dimensional sense and bright surface. Lacquer sand inkstone sand technology is mostly used to make lacquer sand inkstone and desk stationery. Lacquer sand inkstone is made of a kind of light and fine emery mixed with pigments of moderate color and painted on a wooden inkstone. It is light, beautiful and practical. Form a very vivid picture, depicting subtle differences. Lacquer coating is to cover a layer of transparent paint on monochrome lacquerware or lacquerware with decorative patterns. The thrones and screens in the Ming and Qing palaces are often covered with golden beards. Paint stacking refers to the decorative technique of stacking patterns on objects with paint or paint ash. One is that the pattern is different from the ground color, and the colors of several different layers of paint overlap each other. The other is to pile up the patterns with paint ash before painting, and some of them are "hidden" or "piled up". Rhino skin Rhino skin is also called "tiger skin paint" or "polo paint". First, the stone yellow and raw paint are mixed into thick paint, then coated on the tire to make the uneven surface, and then the paint is gently pushed out with a small convex point. At first glance, it is balanced, but at second glance, it is full of changes and random laws. The rhinoceros picking technique is named "rhinoceros picking technique" because it presents paint layers of different colors on the cross section of the blade, which is very similar to the texture effect of rhinoceros horn cross section surrounded by layers. This effect is colorful, free flowing and lifelike, which is more varied than solid color Qi Diao. The first color is to carve a concave pattern on the painted floor, and then fill the outline of the pattern with colored paint or colored oil. Because paint ash is carved, it is also called "carved ash" or "carved filling" Because of its simple process and quick production, it is often used to make various small screens or screens. Monochrome lacquerware Monochrome lacquerware refers to lacquerware of one color without decorative patterns. Monochrome lacquerware mainly includes lacquerware of one color, such as black, red, yellow, green and purple. The earliest monochromatic lacquerware appeared in primitive society, and its works were handed down from generation to generation, with Zhu, black and purple being the most common. Iii. Maintenance Guide for Lacquerware 1. Sun protection and smoke prevention: When collecting (using) lacquerware crafts, attention should be paid to avoiding sun exposure and smoke. 2. Anti-collision: When handling lacquerware crafts, handle them with care to avoid collision or friction with hard and sharp objects and violent vibration. 3. Dust prevention: There is dust accumulation on lacquerware crafts, which can be gently cleaned with a feather duster or a soft brush, or wiped with a silk cleaning cloth. 4, dry and wet: avoid dry and wet, high and low temperatures. The air is too dry, and lacquerware is easily broken; If the humidity is too high, it is easy to deform and take off paint. 5, mildew: avoid putting it on the ground covered with sponge. Due to the high humidity on the ground and the strong water absorption of the sponge, lacquerware crafts are prone to mildew and painting if they are too close to the ground or placed on the sponge for a long time. 6. Cleanliness: If the surface of lacquerware crafts is contaminated with dirt carelessly, cotton gauze can be dipped in a small amount of Bellevue or a small amount of cooking oil to gently wipe it clean.